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1.
Self-Reported Fears as Indicators of Young Children’s Well-Being in Societal Change: A Cross-Cultural Perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Merle Taimalu Anja Riitta Lahikainen Piia Korhonen Inger Kraav 《Social indicators research》2007,80(1):51-78
Our main interest in this paper is in studying children’s well-being by using children themselves as informants and fear as
an indicator of insecurity from cross-cultural and longitudinal perspectives. More specifically our paper documents the changes
in the content and prevalence of children’s fears in two neighboring countries, Finland and Estonia, during the last decade.
The study was carried out in 1993 and replicated in 2002/2003 in both countries with the random samples of total number of
420 five to six-year-old children (in Estonia 115 in 1993 and 91 in 2002; in Finland 105 and 109, respectively). For both
countries the decade in question was a period of social, political and economic transition including post-socialist transformation
in Estonia. Especially informationalization and globalization had a profound impact on the everyday life of parents and children.
The increase of insecurity among children in both countries was expected. Children’s fears were investigated by means of an
individual semi-structured and picture-aided interview. The most important findings are: the prevalence of children’s self-reported
fears has generally increased during the ten years, especially among the Estonian children. The most significant increase
was observed in both countries in fears of imagination-related things including television-related fears, fears of imagined
creatures and of nightmares parallel to children’s increased media-exposure in daily life. Despite the increase of␣general
welfare in both countries our results suggest the opposite tendency among young children; decrease of safety and increase
of insecurity. The level of children’s insecurity was higher in Estonian than in Finland at both times. It is noteworthy that
some fears of young children are ‚universal’ (fear of getting lost, fear of darkness, fear of being alone), while some fears
are more context dependent (television-induced fears, fear of strange people). Young children proved to be competent informants
of their condition and well able to provide essential and invaluable information about their problems and well-being.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
2.
Miki Kohara 《Journal of population economics》2010,23(4):1133-1149
This paper examines how Japanese wives react to their husbands’ involuntary job loss and tests the existence of complementarity
of a wife’s labor supply to her husband’s. Utilizing panel data on Japanese households from 1993 to 2004, we found that wives’
labor supply is stimulated when husbands suffer involuntary job loss. The detailed statistics show that not only do working
wives raise their labor hours but also nonworking wives begin to participate in the labor market. The added worker effect
is evident during the period of job insecurity in Japan following the mid-1990s. 相似文献
3.
This paper starting point is the dynamic changes and shifts in the field of measuring and monitoring children’s well being.
In the paper we focus on one specific change – the “new” role of children in measuring and monitoring their own well being
– a role of active participants rather then of subjects for research. We then turn to present based on a sequence of arguments
and findings what role children should carry in measuring and monitoring their well being. Followed by a presentation of five
possible roles for children involvement in such studies and in regard to the specific roles existing knowledge from various
studies and suggested directions for future research are presented. The danger of children’s involvement is such studies are
then discussed followed by a presentation of what do children think on this all issue. Finally we conclude that the potential
involved in children’s involvement is much greater then the hazards. 相似文献
4.
Family and neighborhood sources of socioeconomic inequality in children’s achievement 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examined family and neighborhood sources of socioeconomic inequality in children’s reading and mathematics achievement
using data from the 2000–2001 Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey. To describe inequality in achievement scores, we
used Gini coefficients and concentration indices and multilevel regression models. We found no inequality in children’s achievement
by family income when other variables in the model were held constant. Mother’s reading scores and average neighborhood levels
of income accounted for the largest proportion of inequality in children’s achievement. Neighborhood economic status appears
to be strongly associated with children’s skills acquisition. 相似文献
5.
Maralani V 《Demography》2008,45(3):693-717
Many studies from developed countries show a negative correlation between family size and children’s schooling, while results
from developing countries show this association ranging from positive to neutral to negative, depending on the context. The
body of evidence suggests that this relationship changes as a society develops, but this theory has been difficult to assess
because the existing evidence requires comparisons across countries with different social structures and at different levels
of development. The world’s fourth most populous nation in 2007, Indonesia has developed rapidly in recent decades. This context
provides the opportunity to study these relationships within the same rapidly developing setting to see if and how these associations
change. Results show that in urban areas, the association between family size and children’s schooling was positive for older
cohorts but negative for more recent cohorts. Models using instrumental variables to address the potential endogeneity of
fertility con rm these results. In contrast, rural areas show no significant association between family size and children’s
schooling for any cohort. These findings show how the relationship between family size and children’s schooling can differ
within the same country and change over time as contextual factors evolve with socioeconomic development. 相似文献
6.
Do smart parents raise smart children? The intergenerational transmission of cognitive abilities 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Complementing prior research on income and educational mobility, we examine the intergenerational transmission of cognitive
abilities. We find that individuals’ cognitive skills are positively related to their parents’ abilities, despite controlling
for educational attainment and family background. Differentiating between mothers’ and fathers’ IQ transmission, we find different
effects on the cognition of sons and daughters. Cognitive skills that are based on past learning are more strongly transmitted
between generations than skills that are related to innate abilities. Our findings are not compatible with a pure genetic
model but rather point to the importance of parental investments for children’s cognitive outcomes. 相似文献
7.
There is an increasing support from international organizations and the research community for stepping beyond infant or child
mortality as the most common child level social indicator and progressing towards an international measure of child development.
The Early Development Instrument (EDI) is a teacher-completed measure of children’s developmental health at school entry,
which to date has been used in more than a dozen countries. The EDI includes five developmental domains (Physical Health and
Well-being, Social Competence, Emotional Maturity, Language and Cognitive Development and Communication Skills and General
Knowledge) and 16 subdomains. This paper examines the EDI’s psychometric properties in four English-speaking countries (Canada,
Australia, United States and Jamaica) by evaluating both the internal consistency and factor structures, as well as exploring
the association between the EDI’s Language and Cognitive Development Domain and a direct assessment of children’s receptive
vocabulary (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, PPVT). Overall, the factor loadings and internal consistencies of domains and
subdomains were similar across the countries. The comparisons of the Language and Cognitive Development Domain with the PPVT
showed high specificity and low sensitivity. The results of this paper indicate that the EDI, a measure of children’s developmental
status at school entry, demonstrates similar psychometric properties in a number of countries, thus building the evidence
for the instrument to be added to the limited array of internationally comparable child social indicators. 相似文献
8.
Martin Guhn Bruno D. Zumbo Magdalena Janus Clyde Hertzman 《Social indicators research》2011,103(2):183-191
This paper delineates general validity and research questions that are underlying an ongoing program of research pertaining
to the Early Development Instrument (EDI, Janus and Offord 2007), a population-level measure, on which teachers rate kindergarten children’s developmental outcomes in the social, emotional,
physical, cognitive, and communicative domains. It describes the large-scale research projects that are using the EDI to measure
children’s developmental outcomes for entire populations (e.g., provinces, cities). Given the uniqueness of the EDI’s use
as monitoring tool, or social indicator, for children’s developmental health at an early age, we spell out the opportunities
and challenges that these projects provide with regard to validation research. The article sets the stage for the special
issue, as it is dedicated to showcase the different aspects of the conceptual, theoretical, and empirical validation research
as well as the collaborative community-based projects that are currently being undertaken with respect to the EDI. 相似文献
9.
Using data from the 2004 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, this paper investigates older workers’ perceptions
of job security in eleven countries. We describe cross-national patterns and estimate multilevel models to analyse individual
and societal determinants of self-perceived job security in the older labour force. While there are considerable cross-country
variations around a median value of 23% of workers aged 50 or older ranking their job security as poor, none of our suggested
macro-level explanatory variables—employment rate, employment protection legislation, mean level of general social trust,
and proportion disapproving of working beyond age 70—bears statistically significant associations with individuals’ job security.
We find some indication, however, that the various societal factors considered here might contribute jointly to explaining
the observed cross-national variation. Future research should aim at identifying statistically more powerful indicators of
the supposed multilevel relationship between social context and older workers’ perceptions of job security. Moreover, supplementary
findings indicate that further attention should be paid to the gender dimension of job insecurity. 相似文献
10.
This study examines the link between divorced nonresident fathers’ proximity and children’s long-run outcomes, using high-quality
data from Norwegian population registers. We follow (from birth to young adulthood) each of 15,992 children born into married
households in Norway in the years 1975–1979 whose parents divorced during his or her childhood. We observe the proximity of
the child to his or her father in each year following the divorce and link proximity to educational and economic outcomes
for the child in young adulthood, controlling for a wide range of observable characteristics of the parents and the child.
Our results show that closer proximity to the father following a divorce has, on average, a modest negative association with
offspring’s outcomes in young adulthood. The negative associations are stronger among children of highly educated fathers.
Complementary Norwegian survey data show that highly educated fathers report more post-divorce conflict with their ex-wives
as well as more contact with their children (measured in terms of the number of nights that the child spends at the father’s
house). Consequently, the father’s relocation to a more distant location following the divorce may shelter the child from
disruptions in the structure of the child’s life as they split time between households and/or from post-divorce interparental
conflict. 相似文献
11.
This study examines whether children with a younger sibling whose birth was unintended experience larger declines in the quality
of their home environment and larger increases in behavioral problems than children whose younger sibling’s birth was intended.
We use data from the NLSY79 to estimate cross-lag regression models that assess changes in the home environment and children’s behavioral problems after the birth of a sibling (intended or unintended). Results
are consistent with our hypotheses, finding that, indeed, unintended births have negative spillover effects. Compared with
children whose sibling’s birth was intended, both boys and girls whose sibling’s birth was unintended experienced larger declines
in the quality of their home environment, and boys had larger increases in behavioral problems. We also find some unexpected
evidence that mistimed births may have larger negative effects than unwanted births. This deserves further research, and we
offer some possible explanations that could guide those investigations. 相似文献
12.
Sibling composition and selective gender-based survival bias 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rubiana Chamarbagwala 《Journal of population economics》2011,24(3):935-955
We examine the relationship between the gender composition of surviving older siblings and gender differences in children’s
survival using data from the Third National Family and Health Survey (2005–2006) in India. We address the possibility of unobserved
mother-specific heterogeneity and explore the role of household wealth, parental education, and urban residence in strengthening
or weakening selective gender-based survival bias. We find that daughters’ survival disadvantage increases in the number of
older sisters and decreases in the number of older brothers they have. The opposite is true for sons’ survival disadvantage.
Household wealth, parental education, and urban residence are all found to intensify selective survival bias among daughters
and sons. 相似文献
13.
An Index of Child Well-being in the European Union 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
While the living conditions of children and young people in the European Union have gained increasing recognition across the
EU, the well-being of children is not monitored on the European level. Based on a rights-based, multi-dimensional understanding
of child well-being we analyse data already available for the EU 25, using series data as well as comparative surveys of children
and young people. We compare the performance of EU Member States on eight clusters with 23 domains and 51 indicators and give
a picture of children’s overall well-being in the European Union. The clusters are children’s material situation, housing,
health, subjective well-being, education, children’s relationships, civic participation and risk and safety. 相似文献
14.
Mental Health of Parents and Life Satisfaction of Children: A Within-Family Analysis of Intergenerational Transmission of Well-Being 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper addresses the extent to which there is an intergenerational transmission of mental health and subjective well-being
within families. Specifically it asks whether parents’ own mental distress influences their child’s life satisfaction, and
vice versa. Whilst the evidence on daily contagion of stress and strain between members of the same family is substantial,
the evidence on the transmission between parental distress and children’s well-being over a longer period of time is sparse.
We tested this idea by examining the within-family transmission of mental distress from parent to child’s life satisfaction,
and vice versa, using rich longitudinal data on 1,175 British youths. Results show that parental distress at year t − 1 is an important determinant of child’s life satisfaction in the current year. This is true for boys and girls, although
boys do not appear to be affected by maternal distress levels. The results also indicated that the child’s own life satisfaction
is related with their father’s distress levels in the following year, regardless of the gender of the child. Finally, we examined
whether the underlying transmission correlation is due to shared social environment, empathic reactions, or transmission via
parent–child interaction. 相似文献
15.
Robert Bozick 《Demography》2009,46(3):493-512
Using a nationally representative sample of graduates from the high school class of 2003-2004, I test the warehouse hypothesis,
which contends that youth are more likely to leave school and enter the labor force when there are available job opportunities
(and vice versa). Using two measures of job opportunities—local unemployment rates and the percentage of local workers employed
in jobs that require a bachelor’s degree—I find support for the warehouse hypothesis. In areas where unemployment is low,
with ample jobs that do not require a bachelor’s degree, youth have higher odds of entering the labor force. In areas where
unemployment is high, with few jobs that require only a high school diploma, youth have higher odds of entering college. The
effect of unemployment on enrollment is more pronounced for low-income youth than for high-income youth, with both low- and
high-income youth turning to four-year schools rather than two-year schools when job opportunities are limited. 相似文献
16.
Household vulnerability and child labor: the effect of shocks,credit rationing,and insurance 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In this paper, we use a unique data set for Guatemala to estimate the effect of idiosyncratic shocks and credit constrains
on children’s labor supply and schooling decisions. We extend Rosenbaum and Rubin (J R Stat Soc B 45:212–218, 1983b) analysis to the case of a multinomial outcome by proposing an innovative sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of
the estimates with respect to the presence of unobservables. The results show that credit rationing is an important determinant
of school enrollment and children’s work. Exposure to negative shocks also strongly influences household decisions and pushes
children to work, while access to coping mechanisms, like insurance, tends to increase education and to reduce child labor. 相似文献
17.
Happiness functions with preference interdependence and heterogeneity: the case of altruism within the family 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This study investigates the prevalence and extent of altruism by examining the relationship between parents’ and their adult
children’s subjective well-being in a data set extracted from the German Socio-Economic Panel. To segregate the share of parents
with altruistic preferences from those who are selfish, we estimate a finite mixture regression model. We control for various
sources of potential bias by taking advantage of the data’s panel structure. To validate our modeling approach, we show that
predicted altruists indeed make higher average transfer payments.
相似文献
18.
Michele A. Sam 《Social indicators research》2011,103(2):315-325
Offering an Indigenous perspective, this commentary discusses collaborative research, shared meaning making, and knowledge
building specific to child development, and reflects on social, cultural, and historical aspects that influence these processes.
Drawing upon experiences of developing a collaborative research approach with which to engage Aboriginal communities to appreciate,
understand, and potentially use the Early Development Instrument (EDI; Janus and Offord in Can J Behav Sci 39:1–22, 2007), a teacher-administered rating scale on kindergarten children’s development, the commentary focuses on five key questions
relevant to research processes undertaken with Indigenous Peoples, and the importance of social, ethical, and cultural aspects
of validity: How do Indigenous epistemologies and knowledges inform and influence research processes that utilize the EDI
as a measurement tool? How can the EDI be used as a measurement tool within a research process that fosters the thriving of
children and their families in Aboriginal communities while promoting Indigenous Peoples’ self-determination? In what ways
do local, Indigenous cultural and ethical considerations inform aspects of validation research pertaining to the EDI? How
can (Western mainstream) universities build research capacity that is informed by Indigenous knowledges and ways of being,
doing, and knowing? What are the potential consequences of using normative research tools—such as the EDI—as a method to build
knowledge on children’s development with Indigenous Peoples and Aboriginal communities? This commentary suggests that from
an Indigenous perspective, research on child development is valid and meaningful knowledge if it is clearly linked to the
children’s and families’ wellbeing according to local cultural norms and values. 相似文献
19.
Gary Neil Marks 《Social indicators research》2008,85(2):293-309
Since the early 1970s the importance of mothers’ socioeconomic characteristics on their children’s educational and occupational
attainment has been acknowledged. However, it is not clear if fathers’ characteristics have a stronger influence because men
usually have stronger attachments to the labour market, or alternatively mothers’ characteristics are more important because
of their greater role in children’s socialization. This study addresses this question by comparing the influence of father’s
and mother’s education and occupation on student performance in literacy and numeracy using data from 30 countries. The impact
of mother’s education is usually greater or comparable to that of father’s education. In contrast, substantially stronger
effects for mother’s occupational status compared to father’s were rare. In most countries the impact of mother’s socioeconomic
characteristics (education plus occupation) on student performance is comparable to that for father’s. Of the four indicators
of socioeconomic background, father’s occupational status and mother’s educational attainment tend to have stronger effects,
although many countries do not conform to this pattern. There are indications that the relative importance of mother’s characteristics
have increased over time.
相似文献
Gary Neil MarksEmail: |
20.
The Interrelationship between Fosterage,Schooling, and Children’s Labor Force Participation in Ghana
This paper examines the interrelationship between fosterage, school attendance, and children’s employment in Ghana. Using
the 1991/1992 Living Standards Survey data on children aged 7–17 years and a trivariate probit model, the paper demonstrates
that ignoring the linkages between these outcomes leads to downward-biased estimates of the impact of fosterage on schooling
and upward-biased estimates of the impact of fosterage on work. Gender and age are important considerations in family decisions
regarding children’s activities. Joint decision-making is more common for girls aged 12–17 than for boys of a similar age.
A significant negative correlation is also observed between the likelihood of employment and the likelihood of school attendance
among adolescent girls. 相似文献