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1.
This article investigates how unions, under the guise of promoting culture, have obtained taxpayers’ funds to finance union
goals and activities, such as organizing. In addition, the establishment of the National Endowment for Democracy is examined
to show how organized labor cooperated with the business community and the two political parties to obtain taxpayer funding
purportedly to promote democracy abroad.
The authors gratefully acknowledge research support provided by the John M. Olin Foundation, the J.M. Foundation, the Sarah
Scaife Foundation, and the Earhart Foundation. 相似文献
2.
Conventional models of labor relations emphasize “business unionism,” that is, collective bargaining activities and outcomes.
We argue that a more realistic model of behavior incorporates the union’s role as an agent of redistribution that seeks to
benefit some members and union leaders primarily at the expense of other members, nonunion employees, and consumers. Union
power to redistribute wealth is obtained from the special privileges that labor organizations obtain from government. This
paper demonstrates how, as political entities, unions and their employers attempt to secure government-sanctioned wealth transfers
through protectionism.
The authors gratefully acknowledge research support provided by the Sarah Scaife Foundation and the Earhart Foundation. 相似文献
3.
Edward E. Potter 《Journal of Labor Research》2001,22(2):321-334
Conclusion Changes in the demographics of the work force and structural changes in the economy have played a key role in declining union
membership over time. Since these trends are anticipated to continue into the future, union attempts to stem the decline must
accept these changes as given and adapt in ways that allow membership to grow even as these shifts occur. Such a fundamental
reorientation of priorities will be difficult, but some signs suggest that unions may be taking preliminary steps in this
direction. Such change is vital to unions’ survival, both as a social movement and as a political institution.
Edward Potter is president of the Employment Policy Foundation and co-author of Keeping America Competitive: Employment Policy
for the 21st Century (1995). He gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Anita Hattiangadi, an EPF senior economist, in the preparation
of this paper. 相似文献
4.
Erica Kohl-Arenas 《Social movement studies》2013,12(4):482-498
Based on archival and qualitative field research, this paper describes how the philanthropic investments of the Max L. Rosenberg Foundation contributed to the emergence of the historic California Farm Worker Movement. The author argues that foundations do not always have articulated or clear-cut political agendas to dilute organizing campaigns; instead moments of agreement (and antagonism) emerge and are fluidly negotiated as points of convergence appear and disappear. This paper reveals the three critical periods in which the Max L. Rosenberg Foundation invested in farmworker organizations in California's Central Valley: the dustbowl migrant education period of the 1930–1940s, the self-help housing projects of the 1950s, and the early leadership training campaigns of the Farm Worker Movement of the 1960s. This paper makes a significant contribution to resource mobilization theory by showing how private funding of a particular social movement (and therefore perhaps others if examined) was most aligned with the goals of the movement at the open-ended idealist beginnings. This alignment ruptured during the heat of the late 1960s when demands were made on picket lines and through international boycotts and became most problematic in the wake of significant defeats when movement organizations reshaped and professionalized themselves around foundation grants and ceased to represent their original constituents. 相似文献
5.
Leo Troy 《Journal of Labor Research》2001,22(2):246-259
Conclusion The Old Unionism, organized labor in the private economy, is in irreversible decline. Economic and market factors beyond its
control are principally responsible. The absence of effective leadership and its emphasis on political, instead of trade union,
goals do not help. The substitution has diverted much of organized labor’s large financial resources to advancing a political
agenda which has brought no material gains in membership and market share, but stigmatizes the union movement as a “special
interest” group and as the Luddites of the new century: “American labor organizations ... are shaped much more basically by
events of the past century than by forces of the past fifteen years” (Dunlop, 1978, p. 79).
I am indebted to Ka-Neng Au, librarian at the Dana Library of Rutgers University, Newark, for his accurate and timely assistance
with research information and citations of various references. 相似文献
6.
Paul F. Clark 《Journal of Labor Research》1992,13(4):381-392
The last twenty-five years has been a period of rapid change for the American labor movement. One way in which that change
has been manifested has been the growth in the number of professional, technical, and administrative personnel employed by
labor organizations. This article examines data on changes in the employment of union professional staff in 30 major unions
between 1961 and 1985. The reasons for these changes are discussed, along with the implications of these trends for the institutional
future of American unions. 相似文献
7.
Amy H. Dalton 《Journal of Labor Research》1982,3(2):163-177
Expansion of public employee labor organizations has brought considerable change in a sector previously considered outside
the domain of the trade union movement. A model to explain this phenomenon among state and local government employees is developed
and tested using data from the1977 Census of Governments. The percentage of employees organized is determined by a number of factors which affect the costs and benefits of membership
and may be influenced by the level of employees’ earnings. Empirical evidence indicates that a higher level of organization
is a product of government size, legal provisions, unionization in the private sector, and, in some government functions,
the unemployment rate, and level of income. 相似文献
8.
Social preference functions between inflation and unemployment are estimated for individuals classified by union status using
Gallup Poll presidential popularity data. We expected union members to assign higher weights to unemployment and lower weights
to inflation than those who are not union members, but we found the reverse. Union members weight unemployment relative to
inflation less than nonunion members because they weight unemployment less. Given the emphasis that trade union leaders place
on reducing unemployment rather than inflation, this suggests a divergence in views between union leaders and the rank and
file.
The authors are indebted to Jeff Moore and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Any
remaining errors are our own. Smyth’s research was aided by the LSU Foundation. 相似文献
9.
Suzanne Franzway 《Gender, Work and Organization》2000,7(4):258-268
This paper seeks to move beyond the restrictions of limited representations of women's participation in the union movement. Through a focus on the union movement as a ‘greedy institution’, it is argued that women's union involvement requires complex and dynamic negotiations with its gendered discourses and practices. As a greedy institution, the union movement demands considerable depth of commitment and loyalty, as well as high levels of work and emotional labour. Based on a study of a network of women union officials, this paper discusses the ways women interpret three main aspects of trade union work: commitment, workload and emotional labour. I argue that the strategies the women officials employ do not remain static within a limited frame of gender difference from men. Rather, they must engage with the effects of male dominance of the union movement as well as the difficulties associated with union activism, family, service to members, leadership, and care in order to take up the political opportunities available in this greedy institution. 相似文献
10.
This article examines the implications of bureaucratization for discipline and due process within labor organizations. Two
perspectives on these relations were developed from the literature on union governance and tested with data from union constitutions
and other secondary sources. The extent of due process protections was positively related to both bureaucratization and the
number of grounds for discipline. The results support the solidarity perspective, which posits a convergence of union leaders’
and members’ interests. 相似文献
11.
The future of private sector unions in the U.S. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Conclusion As noted, the union movement’s significant decline during the last four decades is primarily a private sector phenomenon.
Since the mid-1950s, the union density of private sector workers has dropped from more than a third to less than a tenth,
in contrast to that found in government employment, which is now about 37 percent.
We are indebted to the Donner Foundation for support and to Noah Meltz and Rafael Gomez for research and intellectual advice. 相似文献
12.
Saul A. Rubinstein 《Journal of Labor Research》2001,22(3):581-598
VII. Conclusions The decline in private sector union density in the U.S. coincided with increased innovation at the local
level. One trend in particular, value-adding unionism, may offer some hope for those who believe that workers, the economy,
and the nation benefit from strong, independent trade union movement. Unions that can add value to firm performance while
at the same time fulfilling their responsibilities to represent the collective and individual interests of their membership
have greater appeal to potential union members seeking opportunities for both representation and participation. Since they
add economic value to firms, they may also reduce the level of managerial resistance that we have seen in recent history.
Farber and Western (2001) argue that the overall U.S. decline in union density is almost entirely due to falling employment
in unionized firms and increases in nonunion firms. This value-adding approach offers one strategy to preserve and expand
union employment in firms where it is already established, thus slowing or reversing the decline. Moreover, as structural
changes in the economy have led to shifts away from sectors with high levels of union density, they have at the same time
put a premium on the ability of firms to respond quickly to changes in the marketplace and the competitive environment. Value-adding
unions can provide the infrastructure for organizational networks that facilitate the communication and coordination necessary
to adjust to such changes. Thus, new forms of representation that provide unions and their members with greater opportunities
in decision making, management, and governance can add value to both management and labor.
I thank Charles Heckscher and Bruce Kaufman for comments on earlier drafts of the paper and the National Science Foundation,
Rutgers University, and MIT for financial support. 相似文献
13.
We find that the overall union wage premium is relatively stable (ranging from 22.3 to 28.4 percent), but there seems to be
a convergence of union wage premiums across different demographic groups between 1980 and 1992. Nonwhite men (whose premium
ranges from 23.5 to 36.2 percent) show the largest gain, followed by white women (17.1 to 30.5 percent), white men (19 to
26.4 percent), and nonwhite women (10 to 20 percent). One explanation for this convergence of union wage premiums might be
the “equalization hypothesis” associated with unions. This converging trend could have important implications for the future
of unions. If union membership can explain a portion of the gender/racial wage gap, and if women/nonwhites can obtain, through
union membership significant wage premia, increased female/nonwhite union participation in highly unionized sectors that offer
high union wage gains could, in time, greatly decrease the gender/racial wage differential.
This study was supported in part by National Science Foundation funds [OSR-9350540]. An earlier version of this paper was
presented at the Southern Economic Association conference in New Orleans in 1995. We thank Emilia Lulcheva and Michael Lauze
for their able research assistance and William Warren for his valuable editorial comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
The usual caveat applies. 相似文献
14.
The positions taken on nanotechnologies by trade union organisations, whether European or French, reveal a shift in union action. Traditionally, the trade union approach to occupational risk has been embedded in the field of professional relations, where “technical progress” is accompanied by demands formulated in terms of risk prevention. With nanotechnologies, the union response is framed in precautionary terms, with an emphasis on protection of the environment and human health before innovations are introduced. From this perspective, the study will show how the trade union movement has tackled the issue of nanotechnologies, moving from an initially work-related approach to one that places the accent on public concerns that go beyond traditional union preoccupations. 相似文献
15.
J. Lawrence French 《Journal of Labor Research》1992,13(2):157-172
Secondary data are used to examine the relationship between the power of international union presidents and their pay. The
analysis supported the hypotheses that (1) power and pay were positively related and (2) the relationship is more pronounced
in unions that are larger and are less effective in bargaining as well as during periods characterized by conflict over the
president’s role. While highlighting the political dimensions of union organizations, the data also support previous studies
that found international union officers’ salaries to have a “rational” basis in the union’s bargaining effectiveness.
I am indebted to Gabriella Belli for help with a number of statistical issues. 相似文献
16.
Empirical results based on pooled male data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics indicate an overall union wage premium
of about 11.92 percent for the 1980s. In response to fluctuations in local labor market conditions, proxied by the local unemployment
rate, a much more flexible wage-setting process is found in the nonunion sector relative to the union sector. The long-term
effect of unemployment on nonunion real wages suggests an approximate 0.6 percent decline for every one percentage point increase
in unemployment, a statistically significant reduction, but the long-term effect of unemployment on real wages of union members
is negligible. The union wage premium ranges between 11.6 to 12.3 percent for the sample years. Even though union wages are
insensitive to short-run fluctuations in local labor market conditions, and are somewhat countercyclical in nature, widespread
union wage concessions which occurred during the 1980s may now be exerting a downward pressure on union wages.
We acknowledge financial support of National Science Foundation [OSR-9350540], the Ada Howe Kent Research Fund, and The Fogelman
Academic Research Excellence Fund. We thank Barbara Ganley for valuable editorial comments and Noga Peled for her able research
assistance. The usual caveat applies. 相似文献
17.
Jackie Gabriel 《Journal of Labor Research》2008,29(1):68-87
Faced with declining union membership and a growing immigrant workforce, the US labor movement has started to realize the
importance of organizing immigrant workers. Yet the conventional wisdom among many within the movement is that immigrant workers
are “unorganizable.” Based on a case study of a collaborative effort between the United Food and Commercial Workers Union
and Omaha Together, One Community to organize an estimated 4,000 Latino immigrant meatpacking workers, I demonstrate not only
the “organizability” of immigrant workers, but also the fact that they have been organizing themselves, with the help of a
community-based organization, in the absence of union efforts. This case study suggests that in order to facilitate successful
organizing campaigns among immigrant workers, unions need to reach out to community-based organizations and institutions that
have established relationships with immigrant workers.
相似文献
Jackie GabrielEmail: |
18.
Thomas F. Reed 《Journal of Labor Research》1990,11(1):73-80
This study uses data on 229 organizers from eight unions to assess differences in characteristics of organizers employed by
manufacturing and service unions. The results suggest that a new breed of organizer is entering the labor movement through
service unions-organizers who are younger, more highly educated, more socially mobile, and have less experience in the union
movement than organizers from manufacturing unions.
This article is based on data collected for a dissertation written at the Graduate School of Business at Columbia University.
I gratefully acknowledge the support of committee members David Lewin, James Kuhn, Casey Ichniowski, and Seymour Spilerman
of Columbia and Charles A. O’Reilly III of the University of California at Berkeley. I thank John Delaney for his many helpful
insights and suggestions during the course of my research and Shannon Ratcliff and Rick Fuentes for comments on an earlier
draft of this paper. This research was financially supported by the Industrial Relations Research Center and the Management
Institute at Columbia University and the Department of Management at Texas A&M University. 相似文献
19.
Saunders C 《The British journal of sociology》2008,59(2):227-253
Perhaps by virtue of its theoretical slipperiness, collective identity is often hailed as an important feature of social movements for the role it plays in unifying activists and organizations, and so helping them to develop shared concerns and engage in collective action. However, this paper argues that collective identity is the result of group rather than movement level processes, and although it can unite activists within a single movement organization, it is not always beneficial for the broader social movement. Although movements consist of networks of activists and organizations that have a broad shared concern, differing collective identities within the movement can actually be quite divisive. Based on case studies of three organizations in the environmental movement, this paper shows that activists who are most committed to an organization with an encompassing collective identity develop a strong sense of solidarity with other activists similarly committed to that organization. The resultant solidarity leads to the construction of a 'we-them' dichotomy between organizations within the same movement, increasing the chances of hostility between organizations and factions within the movement. 相似文献
20.
Ruth E. McKie 《Sociological inquiry》2019,89(2):288-316
The Climate Change Counter Movement has been a topic of interest for social scientists and environmentalists for the past 25 years (Dunlap and McCright, 2015). This research uses the sociology of crime and deviance to analyze the numerous arguments used by climate change counter movement organizations. Content analysis of 805 statements made by climate change counter movement organizations reveals that the theory Techniques of Neutralization (Sykes and Matza, American Sociological Review 22(6):664, 1957) can help us better understand the arguments adopted by these organizations. Taking two observations from two time points, the author examine not only the composition of the messaging adopted by Climate Change Counter Movement (CCCM) organization, but how these messages have changed over time. In all, there were 1,435 examples of CCCM neutralization techniques adopted by CCCM organizations across these two points in time. This examination of the movement provides valuable insight into the CCCM and the subsequent environmental harm that is partly facilitated by their actions. 相似文献