自然科学在人类发展史上的作用

一、首先是科学和人类的危机问题今日人类活动范围的扩大,不用说,多半有赖于科学技术的进步。但是,从另一方面来说,在离二十一世纪还不到20年的今天,人类的未来正笼罩着一片阴影。对未来的担心,主要是核战争的危险,以及作为战争的结果可以想见的对人类文明的破坏。今天所说的人类的危机,人们经常强调的是,由于世界人口骤增,迅速带来供不应求的矛盾,从而可能出现令人担心的粮食、资源、能源枯竭等问题,以及历来存在的环境污     

试论生产劳动在人类审美意识产生发展过程中的作用

人类审美意识的产生及发展并不是偶然的、盲目的,而是植根于人类社会基本实践之中的有规律的过程。 劳动是人类审美认识的起点。经过从猿到人的漫长进化过程,产生了人类社会的最初组织形式原始社会。由于生产力的低下,向自然界索取直接需要的物质生活资料是当时主要的甚至是唯一的社会实践活动。在最初的满足物质需求的生产劳动中,原始人类就不是本能地、消极地适应自然。为了使主观目的合乎客观规律,把内在的尺度运用到对象上去,他们在实践中能动地认识和掌握对象的某些属性及其联系,能动地改造客观世界,为自己创造新的生存条件。这种实践…     

理解人类行为的三维框架及其教学应用——《人类行为与社会环境》课程教学思考

《人类行为与社会环境》作为社会工作专业基础课程,其知识体系的构建应基于综合生物、心理、社会视角而成的三维框架。为这一框架引入生物学思想可以丰富其内涵和认知深度。三维框架的具体体现是依据纵横结合和锥形开放式逻辑构建并呈现有关人类行为的知识体系。据此进行教学可兼顾知识性和思想性,从而有助于深化人类行为与社会环境课程教学。     

任务驱动教学模式在社会工作课程中的应用——以《人类行为与社会环境》课程为例

社会工作是一门应用性很强的学科,在社会工作课程中运用任务驱动教学模式,能有效调动学习者自主学习和合作学习的积极性。任务驱动教学模式包括设计任务、准备任务、交流和评价等环节。使用这种模式的过程中,要注意任务的可操作性、拓展性,学生的主体地位与教师的主导地位有效结合。     

论社会工作专业《人类行为与社会环境》课程的教学改革

《人类行为与社会环境》作为一门新引进的社会工作专业课程,目前在高校教学中出现的一些问题很值得社工教育界关注。笔者围绕该课程的目标和特点,结合自己的教学经验,抓住教师和教材这两个突出问题进行了探讨,并尝试提出了相应的教学改革建议,以期对其教学质量的提高有所促进。     

论社会工作专业《人类行为与社会环境》课程的教学改革

《人类行为与社会环境》作为一门新引进的社会工作专业课程,目前在高校教学中出现的一些问题很值得社工教育界关注。笔者围绕该课程的目标和特点,结合自己的教学经验,抓住教师和教材这两个突出问题进行了探讨,并尝试提出了相应的教学改革建议,以期对其教学质量的提高有所促进。     

论人类的环境行为及其可选择性——基于环境社会学学科定位的思考

"环境与社会的关系"在社会层面的体现就是环境问题,而环境问题事实上是人类环境行为的一个不良客观结果.环境与社会是通过人及其行为的中介才具有了某种关系.作为具有主体意识的人类,在现实中人们可以选择保护性的环境行为,也可以选择破坏性的环境行为.环境问题体现的是人与环境之间的矛盾关系,但它却包含着人与人之间的矛盾关系.以环境行为及其可选择性问题作为环境社会学的研究对象与视角,遵循了社会学的基本假设,也因为有了自己独特的研究对象而获得了其存在的价值     

澳大利亚联邦政府在互联网发展中的作用

在过去１０年内，全球信息通信技术和信息服务的革命给澳大利亚社会和经济带来了巨大变化，而澳大利亚政府在发展互联网的过程中则扮演了重要角色。其特点是，（１）政府在制定互联网政策时既综合了社会各方的意见，又规定了各自的责任；（２）政府在互联网发展中的作用是加强领导，而不是过度限制；（３）政府对互联网的管理是强调自律，同时实行法治     

人类社会健全发展的持续性——对于地球环境的认识与人类社会的管理

自 2 0世纪最后 2 5年可以从太空观察地球以来 ,人类的宇宙观、自然观、世界观和社会观都出现了飞跃的发展 ,这是人类思想史上的第二次“哥白尼式的大转折”。人类对于地球环境的认识趋向一致 :地球是人类和人类社会生存的基本条件 ,它是不可替代的。维护地球环境的完好无损 ,必须打破政府、企业、民族和社会的界限 ,动员地球上的全人类共同参与。当前 ,产业正向“装配—分解—再装配”的再生利用型的生产结构转变。都市生活也在“与环境共生”的口号下 ,发动建立“新社会生活系统”的意识变革和再建运动。学术界自然不能置身其外 ,在“知识…     

整合多元理论 反思生命历程——评《人类行为与社会环境》

人类行为与社会环境(Human Behavior and Social Envi-ronment,HBSE)是社会工作专业本科、研究生的基础必修课程。笔者从2008年担任该课教学任务后,深感其所涉猎专业理论之繁多、内容之广泛,要驾驭好它,需要广博而深厚的知识基础。而当时,手头上除了一些国外教材以外,基本没有该学科的本土化的大部头的书籍,常常绞尽脑汁去想如何给学生讲解理论知识。2009年下半年,在得到由华东师范大学     

人学与当代中国社会发展

人学是我国现代化建设和社会发展的必然产物和内在要求,是解决当代中国社会发展中许多重大问题的理论前提.人的塑造与人格转型,对人的理解,人的素质,人的能力评价,人性,人的能力与个性,人的发展与代价,人的存在方式、需要、利益与价值,日常社会生活中的核心文化理念等问题的解决,都需要人学以提供理论基础和前瞻性的指导.所以,人学在我国当代社会发展中有着重大的意义.     

科学发展观与人类存在方式的改变

党的十七大报告提出的科学发展观重大战略思想,体现了一种深邃的历史意识和对当代人类生存处境的理性自觉,是在对现代历史发展模式和发展观念认真反思的基础上提出的社会发展战略。它既摒弃了对人类发展虚无主义式的否定,也扬弃了现代以“物的依赖”为基础的发展主义同以“物”为尺度的异化发展道路,在以人为本、推动实现人的全面自由发展过程中探索构建一种新型文明形态,实现人类存在方式的伟大转变。科学发展观的深远意义不仅在于使人们明确当代中国究竟应当如何发展以及发展的未来图景,而且其历史价值更加深刻地蕴涵在人类应当选择何种存在方式这一思想高度之上。     

促进莫斯科城市发展的几个重要因素

俄罗斯在向市场经济转轨的过程中,由于受到一些主客观因素的影响,它的现实发展状况并不十分理想.在当前的体制下,国家拥有丰富的资源,人民却生活贫困;生产严重下降,却产生出一批批"富人";价格不断上涨,老百姓却拿不到工资.代替"金钱-商品-金钱"周期循环的是"金钱-犯罪-金钱".然而,在这块土地上,不是所有的地方都那么令人悲观,莫斯科就是个例外.几年来,莫斯科正在以飞快的速度发展,无论是城市建设、经济发展,还是在城市交通、住房、环保问题上,可谓一枝独秀.     

The effects of sociocultural factors on older Asian Americans' access to care

Most Asian American elders are immigrants to the United States, and sociocultural factors such as English proficiency and immigration status are prominent factors in their lives. Using data from the California Health Interview Surveys to focus on Asian Americans over age 50, this study seeks to identify interethnic differences, and the effects of English proficiency and immigration status in the way older Asian Americans access healthcare. The results indicated that Asian ethnicity, English proficiency, and immigration status have significant independent effects on older Asian Americans' access to care. Implications for social work's role in addressing access disparities are discussed.     

Assessing the effects of neighborhood councils on urban policy and development: The example of Tacoma,Washington

Neighborhood councils form an important and sometimes problematic layer in the governance system of many cities across the USA. The literature on these institutions has focused mainly on their hypothesized role in facilitating citizen participation in neighborhood and city planning. Less work has explored the experiences of neighborhood councils as placed-based institutions theoretically embedded within, and therefore ostensibly reflective of, the overall social and political geography of the city. In particular, little research documents the actual local development priorities, fund-raising capacities, project achievements and scalar tensions associated with neighborhood councils operating in different neighborhoods of the same city. Using a perspective based on extant literatures in urban politics and public administration, this paper offers an analysis of the neighborhood council experience in Tacoma, Washington, USA. While these councils are still “segmented” from the core of urban politics, the paper argues, certain institutional reforms could unlock their long term potential as more “transformative” spaces of local governance.     

A contingency theory of corruption: The effect of human development and national culture

Corruption is a world-wide problem that disproportionately affects those with the fewest personal and economic resources. It was hypothesized that human development restricts corruption, and the magnitude of such an effect is contingent upon the conditions of national culture. Measures were gathered for 68 countries that account for 80% of the world's population. Support was found for the main effect of human development on corruption. Consistent with contingency theory, results also indicate that the relation between human development and corruption is moderated by power distance and individualism. Implications for policy making to reduce corruption are discussed.     

The effects of spatial patterns of neighborhood risk factors on adverse birth outcomes

Neighborhood environments play an important role in shaping health. But how do the conditions of surrounding neighborhoods affect health? Specifically, how do the spatial patterns of neighborhood characteristics shape birth outcomes? Using Census and health data from Wyandotte County, Kansas, we analyze the relationship between spatial patterns of socio-demographic risk factors and incidence of low weight births in neighboring block groups. Using spatial filtering with eigenvectors we identify significant socio-demographic patterns and use them as predictors of low-weight births in a regression model. We identify several patterns that predict significant variability in birth outcomes and find that while some factors, like unemployment, have strong internal neighborhood effects on birth weight they may not have strong external neighborhood effects. We argue spatial filtering methods may improve our understanding of persistent inequalities in health by helping to identify the differential effects of proximate social conditions and spatial interdependencies.     

产业结构变动与宏观人力资源开发

宏观人力资源的开发问题是发展经济学所需要研究的重要课题之一。从表面上来看，我国作为人口大国，拥有大量富余劳动力，似乎并不存在人力资源的开发和利用问题。但实际上，由于特定经济条件的制约，我国的人力资源尽管数量可观，但一方面其结构不尽合理，另一方面即便这些相对丰富的人力资源也未能得到充分合理的开发利……     

The linkage effects of raw material processing in economic development: A survey of modeling and other approaches

Processing of primary raw materials has become an important and widely recommended strategy for economic development. Yet, even as the councils of many LDCs call for primary commodity producers to gain greater participation in downstream activities, there remain doubts on fundamental questions:What comparative advantage and what disadvantages do processing activities have in the LDCs?What linkages do processing activities offer?What is the potential contribution of processing to economic goal attainment in the LDCs?In this article we survey the material on processing, particularly with respect to modeling direct and indirect linkages between processing and the LDC economies. The article examines the following topics: (1) the literature on processing in economic development; (2) modeling processing linkages; and (3) outstanding questions regarding processing linkages.We focus on quantifiable linkages between the processing industry and the rest of the economy. There is also the possibility of other linkages, such as the development of entrepreneurship and management talent and technology, that are more difficult to quantify. It is important to distinguish between micro linkages, which refer to the direct impact on supplier and user sectors, and macro linkages, which include indirect general economic effects transmitted through government revenue and expenditures, the money supply, and foreign exchange availabilities.