论唐诗人与道士交游的范型及其诗学意义

送人入道、送道士归山和山中访道是唐代诗人与道士交游的三种主要方式。从入道者的身份看,可分为宫人、官人、处士、佛徒和平民五种。他们入道的原因各不相同,诗人对此的反应则以肯定为主。诗人与道士交游有学道问医、名士雅集和虚拟游仙等现实需要和心理代偿等原因。仙为“人在山上貌”的观念和道士在山中修炼这一事实使访道求仙成为诗人创作山水诗的因缘。     

Social Networks and Social Service Workers

Correspondence to Peter Sharkey, School of Law, Social Work and Social Policy, Liverpool Polytechnic, 98 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, L3 5UZ. Summary ‘Networks’ is a word often used in the discussionof social work practice and within social services departments.It was a word which was central to the Barclay Report (1982)and important within the more recently published Griffiths Report(1988) on community care. It is a word also known to sociologistsand anthropologists through the development of ‘networkanalysis’. There is, however, a fairly wide gap betweenits use within social work and its use within social science.This article tries to explore this gap and the ways in whichsocial science ideas might have some use and relevance to socialservice workers. It does this by using some illustrative datafrom a study done of the personal networks of thirty elderlypeople who were all clients of a social service district office.     

Modernity, Postmodernity and Social Work

Correspondence to Prof. David Howe, School of Social Work, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ. Summary For so long in search of a common base, there are early signsthat social work's intellectual outlook is fragmenting. Theunity that was once sought in both theory and practice as wellas policy and organziation is being abandoned. A child of modernity,social work now finds itself in a postmodern world, uncertainwhether or not there are any deep and unwavering principleswhich define the essence of its character and hold it togertheras a cohernt enterprise. The article outlines some of the characteristics of modernityand postmodernity, relating them to the rise of social work,its formation within modern society, and its current conditionin what many observers believe is a postmodern world. Thereare three ‘visions’ within which people look toleam the ’truth‘ of things, including matters offact and matters of value: those centred in God's word (revelation);those centred in the minds of men and women (reason); and thosede-centred and dispersed withing language, meaning and culture(relativism).     

Developing Anti-Oppressive Empowering Social Work Practice with Older Lesbian Women and Gay Men

Summary Available studies suggest that around 10 per cent of the populationmight self-identify as a lesbian woman or gay man (Davies andNeal, 1996). It follows that social workers will engage witholder people who are homosexual. It does not follow that theywill know who they are, as this is a group often characterizedby its invisibility. This paper reports the results of a small-scale,exploratory study which examined how older lesbian women andgay men perceived their needs should they become ill or disabledas they age (Langley, 1997). Their concerns were viewed in thecontext of their past as well as present lives, and oppressionwas a unifying theme. Some of the findings are examined in orderto highlight key challenges for social work practice. Theseinclude: (i) working with invisibility and fear of oppression;(ii) developing awareness and recognition of lesbian and gayrelationships and supportive networks; (iii) the need for anti-oppressiveempowering services which match the needs and circumstancesof older lesbian women and gay men; (iv) importantly, the needfor greater awareness of the heterosexist assumptions whichinfluence institutional responses and individual practice.     

Facing adulthood alone: the long-term impact of family break-up and infant institutions, a longitudinal study

Summary This is the summary of a long-term follow-up study of 268 youngpeople who were infants living in Northern Israel's three pre-schoolinstitutions in 1973. In this third, and final, stage of theresearch it was found that, considering the extent of pathologyin their families of origin, the cycle of intergenerationaltransmission of pathology has been quite limited, and the largemajority are functioning adequately or well as young adults.They are, between them, now parenting 115 children, none ofwhom are in institutional care. Without the backing of a supportivefamily, life is difficult, and they tend to be sadder, lessenergetic and less educated than a more advantaged comparisongroup. Fully two-thirds have had pervasive learning problems,which continue to impact on their vocational options as youngadults. However, the intervention of social work counsellinghas been helpful, and neither pre-school, nor long-term institutionalcare was found to be harmful in terms of normative living.     

Institutionalized Ambivalence: Social Work and the Children and Young Persons Act 1969

Summary Partly through political ambivalence, partly through internalcontradictions, the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 hasfailed to reconceptualize the relationship between justice andwelfare in the juvenile court. The social work role is now characterizedby the potential for role conflict and inappropriate exerciseof discretion. Nevertheless, it is argued that the Act raisesissues which must be addressed and the capacity of the ‘backto justice’ movement to do so is critically assessed.     

Client Responses to Family Conciliation: Achieving Clarity in the Midst of Confusion

Correspondence to Dr. R. Simpson, Family and Community Dispute Research Centre, Claremont Bridge, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU. Summary The present paper deals with one particular issue raised inthe course of a major piece of evaluation research into theeffectiveness of family conciliation in England and Wales. Fromaccounts of clients it became apparent that many of them wereexperiencing some confusion and misunderstanding regarding theprocesses they were undergoing. These confusions are describedand their implications for conciliation and the divorce processin general are discussed. The paper concludes with some suggestionsas to how this confusion may be minimized through the developmentof a broad-based and independent agency offering a comprehensiverange of services for those experiencing difficulties arisingfrom the break-down of an established relationship.     

The Multirole Practitioner in the Generic Orientation to Social Work Practice

Summary Generic Social Work practice theory is at a promising stageof development. Utilizing concepts from systems theory a numberof new holistic practice models are now available which canbe applied in any setting. A further frame of reference is requiredthat captures the wide range of social work activity. The aim of this paper is to propose eight tasks and thirteencommon roles of practice which are presented in the form ofa model designed to delineate the role and task matrix of thegeneric practitioner. Practice experience suggests that these tasks and roles constantlymerge into, or follow one another. Some of the roles and tasksseem better understood and theoretically developed than others. The formulation that is offered is currently being empiricallytested. Practitioners, educators and practice researchers areinvited to specify the roles and tasks they regard as centralto practice, to check these against the model offered here,and to present any fundamental differences in forms that lendthemselves to empirical research.     

Videotaped Evidence of Children: Application and Implications of the Memorandum of Good Practice

Correspondence to Penelope Welbourne, Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK. E-mail: p.welbourne{at}plymouth.ac.uk Summary A sample of videotapes carried out in accordance with the ‘Memorandumof Good Practice’ in one Child Protection Unit was evaluatedto ascertain any factors associated with disclosure of abuseduring the interview. The sample of children selected for interviewwas compared with the group of all children referred to theUnit during the study period. It was found that such interviewsare used primarily for victims of suspected sexual abuse. Onlyvideotaped interviews of children who had made a prior disclosureof abuse contained disclosures on video. It is argued that useof the Memorandum as an investigative technique in child protectionand criminal justice is problematic because of the inflexibilityof the Memorandum procedures. It is proposed that they be reviewedin light of information now available about the impact of theirapplication.     

Delinquency and the Family

Summary A standardized procedure based upon current social work practicewas used to assess the family circumstances of a randomly drawnsample of Tower Hamlets families with son/s between 11 and 14years of age. These families were compared to those of localboys of the same age before the Courts for a first time. Two-thirdsof the officially delinquent boys came from ordinary families,intact and without serious problems. However, compared to theofficially non-delinquents in the random sample they were significantlymore likely to come from broken homes or unbroken (intact) butwith serious and persistent problems. The differences are notdue to neighbourhood or school factors that appear to a considerableextent to operate independently of family factors. Few firstCourt appearances in Tower Hamlets are explained by boys reactingto serious family stress. Follow up over two years of the delinquentsshowed that just under one-quarter of the boys from ordinaryfamilies became persistent offenders. Just over one-third ofthose from difficult family circumstances reappeared. These findings are discussed in the light of other researchand current social work practice.     

Social Work Assessment Processes in Work with Ethnic Minorities-the Doshi Family

Summary The authors describe a framework for assessment which they developedin a book on practice theory (Curnock and Hardiker, 1979). Thisframework was used by them to guide the practice described withthe Doshi family and to analyse the social work processes involved.This paper concludes with an evaluation of the practice.     

The Social Worker, the Client and the Social Anthropologist

Summary City Centre Project has been working with drifting and homelessyoung people and we considered it important to study not justthe clients, but also the project workers. The discipline andmethods of social anthropology appeared to offer unique advantagesin this attempt However, in the course of our fieldwork, weencountered situations which led us to question the validityof using participant observation with clients, and to explorethe tensions between social workers and academic researchers.We then altered our methods for gathering data, and realizedthat our experience had important implications for researchersconsidering the use of qualitative methods in a social worksetting. This article is our first attempt to generalize fromour particular experience, and to raise questions about powerrelations among the parties to research and action.     

A Critical Perspective on Quality within the Personal Social Services: Prospects and Concerns

Correspondence to David Watson, Glasgow Caledonian University, Room W109a, Hamish Wood Building, City Campus, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 OBA, UK. Email: d.watson{at}gcal.ac.uk Summary This paper considers the development of ‘quality’within the personal social services over the last decade. Inparticular, it locates ‘quality’ within a managerialdiscourse, which de-politicizes and minimizes the critical aspectsof the concept in order to increase organizational scrutinyand control through the use and development of performance measurement.It is in this critical context that the prospects and concernsfor recent policy initiatives such as the Labour Government's‘Modernising Social Services’ are considered. Itis the contention of the paper that the critical and empoweringaspects of recent policy developments and quality approacheswill be minimized, as they are subsumed into activities whichare presented as technical and value-free. Further, that unlessthis process is critically questioned and challenged by managersand other stakeholders ‘quality’ and its developmentwill lead to greater proceduralization, increasing bureaucracyand ultimately commodification of the work processes.     

A Profile of Adult Placement Carers

Correspondence to Andrew Gage, Manchester City Council Social Services Department, Adult Homefinding Team, Fenham, 5 Moorfield Road, West Didsbury, Manchester M20 8UZ. Summary This study examines the social and personal characteristicsof the people providing support in their own homes (adult fostering)to people with severe learning disabilities. Comparisons aremade with the general population on social and personal areas.A typical carer is identified and the results lead into issuescurrently affecting carers. Links are drawn between carer characteristicsand service user quality of life which require further study.     

Problems and Concerns of Welfare Paraprofessionals Working with Refugees

Summary In the present study of job motivation and the special problemsand concerns of 70 German community service workers it was foundthat they saw in their work an opportunity to apply their ownspecial talents, but that they were experiencing increasingdisillusionment and a sense of being manipulated and used bytheir clients. The participants found the opportunity to discussthese issues very helpful and such topics should not be neglectedin initial or in-service education.     

The Client, The Caseworker and The Absent Third Person

Summary Some people seek social work help with problems that have arisenin their relationships with others to whom they are very closeand by whom they feel betrayed, attacked or maltreated. Often,so great are the distress and force with which the problem isbrought, the social worker may find himself drawn to acceptas substantially accurate the client's view of the situationand to act accordingly. This article argues that such a lineof action may be misguided or even harmful, and that help canonly be effective in the situations described if it has as oneof its basic assumptions the notion that the picture conveyedof 'the absent third person' has more connection with the client'sown inner needs than with anyone else     

The Influence of Performance Measurement on Child Welfare Policy and Practice

Correspondence to Clare Tilbury, School of Social Work and Applied Human Sciences, University of Queensland Q 4072, Australia. E-mail: c.tilbury{at}social.uq.edu.au Summary The increasing use of performance measurement in child welfarepromises to have significant consequences. Performance indicatorsare not neutral or merely technical—they represent viewpointsand values that may influence policy and practice. This three-partarticle examines how this may occur. The first part outlinesa theoretical approach to understanding the policy significanceof performance indicators. As they become part of the frameworkwithin which policy debates occur, indicators may frame policyissues, create boundaries around options for solutions, definestandards for evaluating results, and set the terms of publicdiscourse. The second part discusses the background to the developmentof performance measurement in child welfare in Britain, theUSA and Australia, locating it as integral to contemporary approachesto public sector management. The third part examines the performanceindicators used in these jurisdictions-aspects of performancemeasured, underlying assumptions about ‘good’ performance,and how they construct child welfare. Existing indicators narrowlyconstruct child welfare in terms of investigations and out-of-homecare, whereas the child welfare literature suggests a broaderapproach with more attention to family support. The articleargues that there is space to negotiate on the new managerialistterrain, developing an approach to performance measurement thatcontributes to better services and outcomes for children andfamilies.     

Social Work Teachers and Social Work Practice

Summary A survey was undertaken to discover the extent to which thosesocial work teachers who teach social work methods, continueto practise after they become educators. The results suggestthat not more than 25% do so, and many of these on only a tokenbasis. Most respondents however regarded such practice as animportant aide to the teaching of social work methods, althoughsome consider consultancy roles to be equally relevant. In nocases was such practice linked with research, and only exceptionallydid employers allow time explicitly for it. We outline fourdifferent bases on which teachers might practise, all of whichwere suggested by respondents, many of whom added personal notesto the questionnaire, indicating the extent to which this subjectis a matter of wide interest and concern     

Prison Welfare and Voluntary After Care

Summary Some findings of a survey into the experiences of men releasedfrom prison are reported, where they relate to their use ofprison welfare and after care services. These are discussedin the context of issues such as through-care, rate of take-up,and the factors which may be influential in determining whethera man makes use of after care on release from prison. It isproposed that for more isolated men the probation service shouldadopt a ‘reaching-out’ strategy.     

Exploring the 'Need' for Family Centres: The Perceptions of Social Workers and Their Importance for Planning

Correspondence to Ms J. R. Fells, Wooster Arms, The Walk, Islip, Oxon OX5 2SD. Summary This article follows Gilbert Smith in questioning the usefulnessof some traditional ways of regarding need, which rely mainlyon surveying potential client populations in order to decidewhat provision a social services department ought to make. Itdescribes a small study which examined in detail what socialworkers meant when they said that certain families ‘needed’a Family Centre, and which also looked at the subsequent historyof the department's contact with those families in the absenceof such a resource. It is, therefore, based on looking at whathappened to families when the Centre was not provided, and onanalysing social workers' perceptions of the need they encountered. It is argued that, despite its limitations, such an approachcan give useful indications, not only of what services shouldbe provided but as to the specific way they should be offered.In view of the role played by social workers in assessment for,and allocation of, services, it is suggested that a clearerunderstanding of their perceptions is essential to achieve effectiveservice utilization.