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1.
Karl Mosler 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2004,2(2):89-103
The paper investigates Lorenz dominance and generalized Lorenz dominance to compare distributions of economic status in one and several attributes. Restrictions of these dominance relations are developed that focus on central parts of the distributions and facilitate their comparison. 相似文献
2.
Karl Mosler 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2005,2(2):89-103
The paper investigates Lorenz dominance and generalized Lorenz dominance to compare distributions of economic status in one and several attributes. Restrictions of these dominance relations are developed that focus on central parts of the distributions and facilitate their comparison. 相似文献
3.
Rolf Aaberge 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(2):235-259
This paper is concerned with the problem of ranking Lorenz curves in situations where the Lorenz curves intersect and no unambiguous
ranking can be attained without introducing weaker ranking criteria than first-degree Lorenz dominance. To deal with such
situations two alternative sequences of nested dominance criteria between Lorenz curves are introduced. At the limit the systems
of dominance criteria appear to depend solely on the income share of either the worst-off or the best-off income recipient.
This result suggests two alternative strategies for increasing the number of Lorenz curves that can be strictly ordered; one
that places more emphasis on changes that occur in the lower part of the income distribution and the other that places more
emphasis on changes that occur in the upper part of the income distribution. Both strategies turn out to depart from the Gini
coefficient; one requires higher degree of downside and the other higher degree of upside inequality aversion than what is
exhibited by the Gini coefficient. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the sequences of dominance criteria characterize two
separate systems of nested subfamilies of inequality measures and thus provide a method for identifying the least restrictive
social preferences required to reach an unambiguous ranking of a given set of Lorenz curves. Moreover, it is demonstrated
that the introduction of successively more general transfer principles than the Pigou–Dalton principle of transfers forms
a helpful basis for judging the normative significance of higher degrees of Lorenz dominance. The dominance results for Lorenz
curves do also apply to generalized Lorenz curves and thus provide convenient characterizations of the corresponding social
welfare orderings. 相似文献
4.
This paper is concerned with the problem of ranking Lorenz curves in situations where the Lorenz curves intersect and no unambiguous
ranking can be attained without introducing weaker ranking criteria than first-degree Lorenz dominance. To deal with such
situations, Aaberge (Soc Choice Welf 33:235–259, 2009) introduced two alternative sequences of nested dominance criteria for Lorenz curves, which proved to characterize two separate
systems of nested subfamilies of inequality measures. This paper uses the obtained characterization results to arrange the
members of two different generalized Gini families of inequality measures into subfamilies according to their relationship
to Lorenz dominance of various degrees. Since the various criteria of higher degree Lorenz dominance provide convenient computational
methods, these results can be used to identify the largest subfamily of the generalized Gini families, and thus the least
restrictive social preferences, required to reach unambiguous ranking of a set of Lorenz curves. We further show that the
weight-functions of the members of the generalized Gini families offer intuitive interpretations of higher degree Lorenz dominance,
which generally has been viewed as difficult to interpret because they involve assumptions about third and higher derivatives.
To demonstrate the usefulness of these methods for empirical applications, we examine the time trend in income and earnings
inequality of Norwegian males during the period 1967–2005. 相似文献
5.
Lorenz curves and second-order dominance criteria, the fundamental tools for stochastic dominance, are known to be sensitive
to data contamination in the tails of the distribution. We propose two ways of dealing with the problem: (1) Estimate Lorenz
curves using parametric models and (2) combine empirical estimation with a parametric (robust) estimation of the upper tail
of the distribution using the Pareto model. Approach (2) is preferred because of its flexibility. Using simulations we show
the dramatic effect of a few contaminated data on the Lorenz ranking and the performance of the robust semi-parametric approach
(2). Since estimation is only a first step for statistical inference and since semi-parametric models are not straightforward
to handle, we also derive asymptotic covariance matrices for our semi-parametric estimators. 相似文献
6.
Buhong Zheng 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,28(2):255-280
The justification for using Lorenz dominance as an inequality ranking condition has been based on the aggregate social welfare
comparison and the Pigou–Dalton principle of transfers. Since both the aggregating aspect of the social welfare function and
certain implications of the principle of transfers are debatable, ordering conditions stronger than Lorenz dominance are worth exploring.
A particularly interesting direction to pursue is to follow the frequently invoked notion that inequality is the “gap” between
the rich and the poor. This paper follows this notion to formally propose a unified utility-gap concept and characterizes
several utility-gap based conditions as general stronger-than-Lorenz-dominance ranking criteria. Specifically, we propose
utility-gap dominance which requires all pair-wise utility-gaps in one distribution to be uniformly smaller than those of
the other distribution. We then explore a conceptually weaker dominance concept – quasi dominance – which imposes conditions
only on the gap between each person’s utility and some reference utility point of the distribution.
I am grateful to two anonymous referees and Peter Lambert for their very constructive comments and suggestions on an earlier
version of the paper. The usual caveat applies. 相似文献
7.
We investigate the third-degree stochastic dominance order, which is receiving increasing attention in the field of inequality
measurement. Observing that this partial order fails to satisfy the von Neumann–Morgenstern independence property in the space
of random variables, we introduce the concepts of strong and local third-degree stochastic dominance, which do not suffer from this deficiency. We motivate these two new binary relations and
characterize them in the spirit of the Lorenz characterization of the second-degree stochastic order, comparing our findings
with the closest results in inequality literature.
A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the second Canazei Winter School on Inequality and Collective Welfare
Theory (IT2). We would like to thank all participants for their comments and suggestions. We are especially grateful to Rolf
Aaberge, Peter Lambert, Maria G. Monti, Ernesto Savaglio, John Weymark, Claudio Zoli and two anonymous referees who provided
very detailed and insightful comments. 相似文献
8.
Inequality orderings and unit consistency 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Buhong Zheng 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,29(3):515-538
The paper examines the implications of the newly proposed unit consistency axiom for partial inequality orderings. We first
show that some intermediate Lorenz dominance conditions violate the axiom. We then characterize a class of intermediate Lorenz
orderings and demonstrate that the only unit-consistent member is the one related to Krtscha (Models and measurement of welfare
and inequality. Springer, Heidelberg, 1994)’s intermediate notion of inequality which has recently been investigated by Zoli
(A surplus sharing approach to the measurement of inequality. Discussion paper no. 98/25, University of York, 1998; Logic,
game, theory and social choice. Tilburg University Press, Tilburg, 1999) and Yoshida (Soc Choice Welf 24:557–574, 2005). Finally,
we provide a general characterization for unit-consistent Lorenz orderings and the Krtscha-type dominance again turns out
to be the only one that is intermediate and unit-consistent. 相似文献
9.
Asis Kumar Banerjee 《Social Choice and Welfare》2014,42(1):171-191
This paper seeks to extend the unidimensional notion of Lorenz dominance to the multidimensional context. It formulates a definition of a multidimensional Lorenz dominance relation (MLDR) on the set of alternative distributions of well-being in an economy by incorporating a generalization of the well-known transfer principle of unidimensional theory suggested in recent literature. It also proposes two conditions which an MLDR may reasonably be required to satisfy. The paper notes that the existing literature does not seem to contain an example of an MLDR satisfying these two conditions and suggests one that does. The suggested MLDR does not seem to have appeared in the literature before. 相似文献
10.
Udo Ebert 《Social Choice and Welfare》1999,16(2):233-258
The paper proposes the consistent and rigorous use of equivalence scales for households of different size. Equivalence scales
are employed for deriving the income of an equivalent adult representing the household and for weighting the different household types. The proceeding takes into account the possibilities and the needs of different
household types at the same time and seems to be adequate if income distributions are to be compared in terms of social welfare
or inequality. The approach allows to define and to investigate the usual concepts (Lorenz curve, Lorenz dominance, social
welfare function, progressive transfers etc.) for heterogeneous populations. They can be interpreted in an obvious way, and
the results, well known for homogeneous populations, can be generalized. Furthermore, some unpleasant and unsatisfactory paradoxa
or impossibility results, which can be found in the literature, vanish in the framework considered.
Received: 7 March 1997/Accepted: 4 November 1997 相似文献
11.
An index of richness in a society is a measure of the extent of its affluence. This paper presents an analytical discussion on several indices of richness and their properties. It also develops criteria for ordering alternative distributions of income in terms of their richness. Given a line of richness, an income level above which a person is regarded as rich, and depending on the redistributive principle, it is shown that the ranking relation can be implemented by seeking dominance with respect to the generalized Lorenz curve of the rich or the affluence profile of the society. When the line of richness is assumed to be variable, we need to employ the stochastic dominance conditions for ordering the income distributions. 相似文献
12.
Alessandra Michelangeli Eugenio Peluso Alain Trannoy 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2011,9(3):373-391
Consumption is commonly used as a proxy for permanent income. We go a step further by establishing the link between the distribution of consumption and that of permanent income in terms of dominance orderings. We introduce two new dominance orderings, the Generalized Top Lorenz test and the related affluence ordering. If consumption is a concave function of permanent income, we get an indirect and robust method to detect a change in permanent income concentration when the full stream of income receipts along the life cycle is unknown and only consumption data are available. Our application on US data for the period 1980?C2002 points out the difficult start in life of people belonging to the ??Baby loser generation?? (people born in the sixties) with respect to the previous and following cohort. 相似文献
13.
Existing literature has studied the relative differential inequality (RDI) concept as an inequality comparison for discrete
distributions, where RDI dominance occurs if there is Lorenz dominance between the distributions for all subsets of individuals
of corresponding rank. The paper investigates RDI in the context of continuous distributions, providing continuous counterparts
to existing discrete results, and others, including discussion of the uniform, Pareto and log-normal families of continuous
distributions. The usefulness of RDI for comparative static analysis in theoretical economic models based on continuous distributions
is indicated.
相似文献
14.
A. B. Atkinson 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2008,6(3):277-283
The article, written in 1973, examines what comparisons of income distributions can be made when Lorenz curves cross, employing
the concept of third-order stochastic dominance.
“More on the measurement of inequality” as reviewed by Prof. P. Lambert will appear in the Rediscovered Classics section,
along with the editorial. 相似文献
15.
Patrick Moyes 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2007,5(3):279-303
It is well-known that, when the Lorenz curves do not cross, the ranking of distributions provided by the Gini index is identical
to the one implied by the Lorenz criterion. This does not preclude inequality as measured by the Gini index to increase while
the Lorenz curves cross. A suitable modification of the Gini coefficient allows the Lorenz quasi-ordering to coincide with
the ranking generated by the application of unanimity over the class of extended Gini indices. Recently the Lorenz quasi-ordering
and the underlying principle of transfers have come under attack, while new criteria – the differentials, deprivation and
satisfaction quasi-orderings – have been proposed for providing unambiguous rankings of distributions. We suggest to weaken
the principle of transfers by imposing additional restrictions on the progressive transfers, which take into account the positions
on the income scale of the donors and beneficiaries. We identify the subclasses of extended Gini indices that satisfy these
weaker versions of the principle of transfers and we show that the application of unanimity among these classes generate rankings
of distributions that coincide with those implied by the differentials, deprivation and satisfaction quasi-orderings.
相似文献
16.
Our concern is for income inequalities that may result from non-welfaristic redistribution schemes. We show that for large
classes of income functions Lorenz dominance results can be found in the comparison of two egalitarian equivalent mechanisms.
Comparisons of different conditionally egalitarian mechanisms only yield poverty dominance results. In general, no egalitarian
equivalent mechanism can be Lorenz dominated by a conditionally egalitarian mechanism. Our analysis stresses the need for
accurate empirical estimates of the pre-tax income function and of the distributions of responsibility and compensation characteristics.
We thank the Editor, Marc Fleurbaey and two anonymous referees, Geert Dhaene and seminar/conference participants at UAP-workshop
(Namur, 2003), ‘Welfarist and non-welfarist approaches to public economics’ (Ghent, 2004), SED (Palma, 2004), SSC&W (Osaka,
2004) and IIPF (Milan, 2004) for helpful comments and suggestions. Financial support from the Federal Public Planning Service
Science Policy, Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program – Belgian Science Policy [Contract No. P5/21] is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
17.
Vito Peragine 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2004,2(1):11-30
According to the opportunity egalitarian ethics, economic inequalities due to factors beyond the individual responsibility are inequitable and to be compensated by society, whereas inequalities due to personal responsibility are equitable and not to be compensated. In this paper we derive welfare and inequality criteria that respect this principle of justice. We characterize axiomatically classes of opportunity egalitarian social evaluation functions. Then, by requiring unanimous agreement among such classes, we provide simple distributional conditions to rank income distributions. These criteria extend the Lorenz and generalized Lorenz partial orderings, commonly used in the unidimensional case of income distributions, to the current context of equality of opportunity. 相似文献
18.
Income share elasticity is a function π which can describe the size distribution of income (Esteban in Intern Econ Rev 27:439–444, 1986). On the other hand, the conventional density representation of the latter gives parameters of first or second order stochastic dominance (SD), widely used to describe shifts in income distribution, to which inequality measures are attached. The paper draws a link between the two, by providing conditions such that a given shift to π is equivalent to a first or second order SD shift of the distribution of income. Some applications to Lorenz rankings are also provided. 相似文献
19.
A large number of functional forms has been suggested in the literature for estimating Lorenz curves that describe the relationship between income and population shares. The traditional way of overcoming functional-form uncertainty when estimating a Lorenz curve is to choose the function that best fits the data in some sense. In this paper we describe an alternative approach for accommodating functional-form uncertainty, namely, how to use Bayesian model averaging to average the alternative functional forms. In this averaging process, the different Lorenz curves are weighted by their posterior probabilities of being correct. Unlike a strategy of picking the best-fitting function, Bayesian model averaging gives posterior standard deviations that reflect the functional-form uncertainty. Building on our earlier work (Chotikapanich and Griffiths, 2002), we construct likelihood functions using the Dirichlet distribution and estimate a number of Lorenz functions for Australian income units. Prior information is formulated in terms of the Gini coefficient and the income shares of the poorest 10% and poorest 90% of the population. Posterior density functions for these quantities are derived for each Lorenz function and are averaged over all the Lorenz functions. 相似文献
20.
George Yancey 《The Sociological quarterly》2009,50(1):121-143
Studying interracial romance has been useful for understanding general race relations. Theories of African American alienation and social dominance orientation help explain why previous research has found African Americans to be the least desired racial dating partners. Alienation predicts that African Americans are less willing to interracially date than other racial groups since they are not allowed to participate in the majority culture. Social dominance orientation predicts that African Americans are more willing to interracially date than other racial groups because they occupy the lowest position in our racial hierarchy. This study utilizes an Internet dating website to explore the racial dating preferences of European Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans. The theory of African American alienation is upheld, as African Americans are generally less willing to interracially date than other races and are especially less willing to date European Americans. 相似文献