倾销与反倾销的历史演变与时代特征

倾销和反倾销是国际贸易发展的产物。重商主义“奖出罚入”(直接补贴 )的对外贸易政策是最初倾销产生的根本原因 ;出口商业垄断组织的形成使倾销在离开政府的直接补贴后可以存在和发展 ;三次产业革命后世界生产力的扩张使世界范围内的倾销大规模形成 ;2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,倾销已普遍存在于世界各国的对外贸易之中。人类历史上反倾销的出现大大晚于倾销的产生 ,但无论是国际社会还是世界各国反倾销立法和实践进展迅速 ,从GATT成立以来 ,对反倾销的立法、修订完善一直是其主要议题列入谈判内容 ,国际统一的反倾销法律已形成 ,并被世界各国所接受 ,目前倾销与反倾销已成为国际社会所关注的焦点问题。WTO(GATT)的根本宗旨是消除国际贸易间的关税和非关税壁垒 ,推进自由贸易的发展 ,但WTO又明确了反倾销存在的合法性 ,在传统的关税和非关税措施被限制和取消后 ,反倾销已成为国际新贸易保护主义的有效手段被广泛应用 ,所以反倾销已有背离了其矫正出口贸易中不正当竞争倾销行为、推进贸易自由化的初衷 ,被贸易保护主义滥用的趋势。     

从倾销的认定看反倾销法的贸易保护功能

反倾销具有两重性 ,一方面抵制国际贸易中不公平竞争 ,另一方面具有贸易保护功能。而现在反倾销法的贸易保护功能越来越强。反倾销法对倾销的认定的一些不合理的规定导致了反倾销调查当局拥有过大的自由裁量权 ,反倾销的贸易保护功能能够轻而易举地得以实现。     

倾销理论——对我国反倾销立法实践的认识

反倾销措施是国际贸易中非关税壁垒的重要手段。我国加入WTO后 ,国外厂商在我国市场上实施倾销战略的可能性加强 ,将对我国一些行业和企业造成实质性损害。目前 ,我国出口产品遭受歧视性反倾销调查的范围不断扩大 ,而国内市场却频频受到国外倾销产品的冲击。为维护民族产业免受外国产品倾销损害 ,使国外对我国出口的反倾销力度有所下降 ,必须加强我国的反倾销力度。     

国际资本倾销理论及其现实意义

近几年国内外学者对资本倾销问题开始有所关注,进行了一些有价值的理论研究。本文运用国际经济学中商品倾销的形成机理,分别对资本持续性倾销行为和掠夺性倾销行为作出理论分析,并结合当前我国引进外资的实际情况,认为我们应合理地利用资本的持续性倾销,适当干预资本的掠夺性倾销,积极防范大规模的虚拟资本倾销,尽力避免对外投资中非理性的资本倾销行为。     

倾销与反倾销的经济学探讨

反倾销已成为许多国家特别是发达国家的一种保护贸易手段,从经济学角度看,倾销并不能减少进口国的经济福利,反倾销并不能增加进口国的经济福利,因此反倾销应当慎重。     

倾销对进出口国的经济效应分析

依据1947年《关税与贸易总协定》第6条的规定,倾销是指一国的出口商以低于正常价值的价格向进口国销售产品,并因此而给进口国的相关产业造成实质损害的贸易行为。倾销事实的认定须由三个要件构成,即出口产品以低于正常价值的价格向进口国销售;倾销行为给另一国产业造成实质性损害或损害威胁;倾销与损害之间存在因果关系。     

WTO规则与中国反倾销对策研究

随着经济全球化进程的加快和国际贸易竞争的加剧,反倾销这种为WTO所允许的指控机制成为一些国家实施贸易壁垒、奉行贸易保护主义的借口和重要手段。在中国加入WTO的今天,在中国频遭国外倾销指控且屡受重大损失的情形下,研究倾销及反倾销知识,熟悉相关规则,建立应对机制,对我国而言极为重要且有深远意义。     

论反倾销法的法律属性

反倾销法是WTO法律制度中的重要内容。自GATT1947第六条确立反倾销法律制度后,各国都在国内制定和适用了反倾销法。然而随着贸易自由化的发展,各国产业竞争的日趋激烈,反倾销法已经由服务于国际贸易正常秩序的、致力于国际贸易自由化的贸易救济法属性,而逐步转化为保护国内产业的贸易保护法。此外,反倾销法通过对具体倾销行为的禁止,以征收反倾销税等行政手段对国内产业进行保护,无疑是出于对一国公共利益的保护目的,这也充分体现了其行政规制性法律属性。     

略论加入WTO后中国面临的倾销与反倾销

本文对我国加WTO后,如何防止和减轻由于倾销和反倾销带来损害的重大课题,进行了较深入的研究,并提出了相应的对策。     

欧盟对华反倾销政策目标与效果的错位分析

随着国际经济交流的深化,国际贸易自由化的程度大大提高,但是贸易保护现象并未消除,反倾销已成为一国合法保护本国产业的重要工具。尤其是欧盟对华反倾销趋势愈演愈烈,已经成为中欧正常贸易的主要障碍。本文探讨了欧盟对华反倾销的现状,比较深入的分析了欧盟对华反倾销政策制定的理论基础和实践效果,指出欧盟对华反倾销是一种过度的保护行为,其效果已经偏离了维护公正贸易的目标。同时,就中国政府和企业如何应对反倾销,提出了相应的建议和策略。     

美·爱·自由·信仰

在一定意义上,美学是信仰之学。美的绝对性与永恒性构成了信仰的核心部分。信仰本质上是从此岸的、经验的世界向彼岸的、超验世界的超越。信仰的终极指向是真、善、美,真是存在的本体,善是存在的趋向,美是存在的表征。美作为表征既包含了真,也包含了善,既包含了存在的统一、完整、坚实,也包含了存在的秩序、节奏、和谐。人们可以从不同途径通向信仰,但必须从对美的体验开始并最终形成美的意境或境界。美从直觉之美到想象之美,到生命体验之美,内在地存在着一种秩序,这个秩序与人自身的爱的秩序是相互对应的。这种秩序是信仰之所以存在,所以可能,并成为人的基本情结的原因。信仰实际上是人类的自我调节、自我解放、自我完善的心理机制。     

Gender,status, and psychiatric labels

We examine a key modified labeling theory proposition—that a psychiatric label increases vulnerability to competence-based criticism and rejection—within task- and collectively oriented dyads comprised of same-sex individuals with equivalent education. Drawing on empirical work that approximates these conditions, we expect the proposition to hold only among men. We also expect education, operationalized with college class standing, to moderate the effects of gender by reducing men’s and increasing women’s criticism and rejection. But, we also expect the effect of education to weaken when men work with a psychiatric patient. As predicted, men reject suggestions from teammates with a psychiatric history more frequently than they reject suggestions from other teammates, while women’s resistance to influence is unaffected by their teammate’s psychiatric status. Men also rate psychiatric patient teammates as less powerful but no lower in status than other teammates, while women’s teammate assessments are unaffected by their teammate’s psychiatric status. Also as predicted, education reduces men’s resistance to influence when their teammate has no psychiatric history. Education also increases men’s ratings of their teammate’s power, as predicted, but has no effect on women’s resistance to influence or teammate ratings. We discuss the implications of these findings for the modified labeling theory of mental illness and status characteristics theory.     

公共管理与行政管理、私人管理

本文在对国内诸多学者观点简要评析的基础之上,阐发和论述了公共管理是以公共权力机关为核心并有社会中介组织和公民大众参与的、为实现公共利益采用多种方式和方法对公共事物进行有效管理的公共实践活动;行政管理是政府为维护公共利益,运用公共权力、制度、法律、公共政策等方式对公共领域的公共事务进行的公共行政或公共管理的公共实践活动;私人管理是以个人和私人组织为主体,为实现私人利益最大化,对私人领域的私人事务进行的管理活动;公共管理与行政管理、私人管理的相互关系是既有区别又有联系的辩证关系。     

Breastfeeding,overweight status,and inflammation

Research documents a host of health benefits of breastfeeding for infants and children, including long-term health conditions arising from inflammation. Here, we provide new evidence about this association, focusing on the link between breastfeeding in infancy and inflammation in early adulthood. Our study is based on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) which allows us investigate a potentially important mediating pathway – overweight status from early adolescence into young adulthood. Results from pathway analyses in a structural equation modeling framework indicate that, in addition to a direct pathway linking breastfeeding and inflammation, an indirect pathway through overweight status across adolescence into young adulthood partially explains the association between breastfeeding and inflammation. Overweight status, moreover, links breastfeeding to inflammation not only through proximal timing of overweight status, but also through an indirect cascading process of overweight status over the life course that is evident in adolescence. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering breastfeeding, overweight status and inflammation as dynamic life course processes that contribute to development of health inequalities.     

事实 事理 观念 信念

从理想信念形成的心理机制出发探讨理想信念形成的“感———思———悟———信”的内化过程 ,可以使高校理想信念教育更富有具体性和时效性。     

Intensities,preferences, and electoral politics

In several papers on electoral behavior authors have come to the conclusion that the mid-point of the distribution of preferences on each issue is dominant political strategy. These papers also claim that under certain conditions and assumptions a median-like strategy maximizes a society's well-being. This paper presents an alternative model and set of assumptions which contradicts the conclusions about the power and importance of the median. The alternative model is then used to make some observations about electoral behavior and the performance of various political institutions.     

质朴、可怖、善良、狡诈--评刘恒的《农民系列》小说

刘恒的《农民系列》小说 ,反映的是中国农民在广阔的中华大地上翻耕细作的情景 ,作者用下地狱般的激情去描摹农民人生的惨烈与残酷、恐惧和幻灭 ,[1] (p114 ) 揭示并弥漫了生命的悲剧、人生的悲哀 ,讴歌了农民在困境的逼视中表现出的忍耐、克制和反抗 ,对生命的呐喊、对生活的渴望 ,从而诱发读者强烈的阅读兴趣 ,并对中华民族传统文化和中国农民的人生作出深刻的反思。     

学者·知识分子·知识工作者

本文对“以学术为业”的大学教师的几种生存形态做了勾勒和探讨。他们所获得的称呼反映出他们所扮演的种种社会角色与承担的社会使命,也折射着他们与大学以及社会发展的不同关系。而这一切实际上又和知识生产本身相互关联,促使我们思考大学的未来发展。     

开放 多元 足量 均衡 优质——人力资源开发中高等教育的发展对策

从人力资源开发的国际大视野看 ,我国高等教育发展的宏观对策 ,一是开放 :实现国际化 ,加快市场化 ,突出个性化 ;二是多元 :办学主体多元化 ,资金筹措多元化 ,办学模式多元化 ;三是足量 :推进大众化 ,促进社会化 ,发展多样化 ;四是均衡 :与经济发展均衡 ,与国民需求均衡 ,布局层次均衡 ,学科结构均衡 ;五是优质 :优化管理体制 ,优化资源质量 ,优化运行水平。进而促进学习型社会的建立 ,促进小康目标和现代化目标的实现。     

Parental education,television exposure,and children's early cognitive,language and behavioral development

The association between television exposure and children's development is subject to controversial debates. Heavy television exposure may be detrimental to children by overstimulating their developing brains. It may also infringe on time that children would otherwise spend on more developmentally beneficial activities or parental interactions. In the present analysis, we use data from the 2004/5 birth cohort of the Growing Up in Scotland study to investigate relations between hours of weekly television measured around the ages of two to four and as average over this period with children's linguistic, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes around the age of five. Our analysis shows differences in the level and growth of television exposure by parental education. However, we did not find any substantive associations between television exposure and children's cognitive or language ability. We found small associations of television exposure with conduct problems and prosocial behavior, particularly for children of less-educated parents. Overall, the results suggest that the impact of television on children's development is less pronounced than often assumed.