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1.
Arthur J. Vidich 《Qualitative sociology》1979,2(1):45-72
Despite the relatively uniform images evoked by the word “community,” in the past several centuries the community structures
within which persons live have been anything but stable. The penetration of industrialization, bureaucratization and urbanization
into all areas of the world has resulted in the inexorable erosion not only of traditional values, but also of all older forms
of traditional andGemeinschaft community structures. From the ruins of the past, however, entirely new community formations and ideologies have emerged.
It is not entirely unexpected that these newer formations and ideologies are based on both mummified images of past traditions
and on entirely new values and institutions provided by industrial civilization. We argue that the destruction of communities
defined by past traditions and the emergence of new formations constitute a fundamental transformation in communal and community
relationships. 相似文献
2.
Modernization theory posits a change from traditional or “collective” forms to modern or “reflective” forms of volunteering.
In a research project using a combined qualitative–quantitative approach, the motivation of 118 young Swiss adults who showed
an interest in international volunteering was investigated. Qualitative analysis revealed 12 different motives which could
be categorized into three different groups: A first group called “Achieving something positive for others,” a second group
named “Quest for the new,” and a third group of motives labeled “Quest for oneself.” Motivations of young Swiss adults for
international volunteering clearly show the characteristics of “reflexive” volunteers. Most respondents displayed a combination
of motives while for only 11% of them altruism (“Achieving something positive for others”) was the one and only driving force
behind their interest in international volunteering. The inductively constructed typology of motives can be a useful planning
device for organizations that run or intend to set up an international volunteering program for young adults. 相似文献
3.
Nancy A. Naples 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(1):83-106
This article draws upon findings from an ethnographic study of two towns in rural Iowa to examine the adequacy of the insider/outsider
distinction as a guideline for evaluating and conducting ethnographic research. Utilizing feminist standpoint and materialist
feminist theories, I start with the assumption that, rather than one “insider” or “outsider” position, we all begin our work
with different relationships to shifting aspects of social life and to particular knowers in the community and this contributes
to numerous dimensions through which we can relate to residents in various communities. “Outsiderness” and “insiderness” are
not fixed or static positions, rather they are ever-shifting and permeable social locations illustrated in this case study
by the “outsider phenomenon.” Community processes that reorganize and resituate race-ethnicity, gender and class relations
form some of the most salient aspects of the “outsider phenomenon.” These dynamic processes shaped our relationships with
residents as ethnographic identities were repositioned by shifts in constructions of “community” that accompanied ongoing
social, demographic, and political changes. 相似文献
4.
Krunica Hruska 《Urban Ecosystems》2006,9(4):291-298
The continual spread of human settlements over the world’s surface has transformed the natural environment on a global scale. Human’s intervention has changed primary ecosystems (protoecosystems or euecosystems) into anthropoecosystems. The spread of urban ecosystems, cultivated surfaces (agroecosystems), and various areas differentiated by their level of anthropization has facilitated the progressive reduction of euecosystems. The evolution of urban areas over the course of history with transformations of cities and surrounding territory, has created very complex mosaics. A proper study of the city, drawing together historical, cultural, social, and other factors, as well as abiotic ones (urban climate, soil, water, air), requires appropriate, uniform terminology for expressing the complex relationships existing among these factors. We therefore propose that the city (or metropolis) be considered as a set of ecosystems, a “synecosystem”. The entire urban area should be termed a “synbiotope”. It is divided into numerous partial biotopes (macro-, meso- and microbiotopes), the result of modifications wrought through the historical and cultural vicissitudes of the human population. Urban biotopes host not only humans, but also a characteristic vegetable and animal component, the “biosyncoenosis”, formed of numerous plant and animal communities, selected on the basis of the environmental conditions of the individual biotopes, which differ from each other in structure, dynamics, age, and position in the urban space. This terminology should facilitate study of the biotic component and its connection to the urban territory, as well as interpretation of results obtained in the different disciplines in terms of the human population’s quality of life. 相似文献
5.
Interdisciplinary foundations of urban ecology 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Robert F. Young 《Urban Ecosystems》2009,12(3):311-331
Researchers have identified urban ecology as a new field integrating social and ecological science. Critics have portrayed
the field as under-theorized with negative implications for research and urban environmental planning. Unprecedented urbanization
and historical bias against research integrating social and ecological systems are identified as driving this deficit. Researchers
have called for new integrative approaches to address this issue. In response, this paper applies ecology’s analytic framework
of “patch dynamics”, Kuhn’s concept of “normal science” and Mazoyer and Roudart’s “evolutionary series” to demographic data
and historical texts to perform an analysis of interdisciplinary contributions to theory applicable in the field of urban
ecology. The subsequent exploration reveals a rich history of interdisciplinary inquiry along the nature/society divide. The
paper concludes that these “largely ignored” contributions offer urban ecology the opportunity to claim much broader depth
as a field gaining access to precedents and innovations accomplished during the field’s early theoretical development. Drawing
upon this history, a framework for ecological urban development is suggested to inform and assist contemporary research in
urban ecology and planning.
相似文献
Robert F. YoungEmail: |
6.
Francesca M. Cancian 《The American Sociologist》1993,24(1):92-106
The article compares participatory research and alternative activist approaches, based on the literature on participatory
research and interviews with nine successful sociologists who use alternative approaches. Participatory research, distinguished
by high control over research by community members, equalizes power within the research process, but often retards academic
publication and career advancement. The interviews show that successful academics retain control over their research, experience
mild to severe conflicts with departments, and develop various strategies for combining activism and career success. All types
of activist research are more effective in challenging inequality if they involve activist community organizations.
Her research has focused on family, gender, and feminist and participatory methods. Recent publications includeLove in America, “Feminist Science,” and “Participatory Research” with Cathleen Armstead. Her current participatory research project explores
“Family and Community Caring” in a Mexican-American community. Address for correspondence: Francesca M. Cancian, University
of CA, Dept. of Sociology, Irvine, CA 92717. 相似文献
7.
This article examines surveillance techniques utilized by several metropolitan community colleges to manage part-time faculty.
We find that with the increased use of part-time faculty, administrators at these organizations are relying less on direct,
personal supervision of these instructors and are instead using more “remote” surveillance practices to certify that “acceptable
educational standards” are being maintained. The use of these practices not only signals a decline in the professional status
of college instructors, but also points to differences in social control techniques used in “productive” institutions versus
those used in “disciplinary” institutions. We find that while surveillance techniques employed at these community colleges
make the education process visible and controllable, they simultaneously render part-time faculty invisible but controlled. 相似文献
8.
Sociological production is a situated and embodied activity carried out by individuals inserted in actual social relations.
Considering that this feature has an influence upon the content of scholarly literature and that it can be revealed in the
scientific text itself, I propound a new interpretation of the writing process of Robert E. Park's “The City,” the famous
paper he published initially in 1915. Customarily depicted as a manifesto for an autonomous urban sociology, I argue on the
contrary that its general economy has to be linked to Park's biographical background. When he affiliated with the Sociology
Department at the University of Chicago, Park was brought to teach a course on the social survey. “The City” was to be the
academic expression of his point of view on the topic. Park's biographical encounters with some active promoters of the social
survey approach are evidenced and their influence onhis 1915 essay is carefully analyzed, showing notably that curious intellectual
omissions in “The City” can be traced back to these previous encounters. Park's latter texts, and the 1925 revised version
of “The City” in particular, are shown to provide the interwar sociologists with a peculiar narrative about the history of
sociology: Park's predecessors are deliberately confined in a pre-scientific stage of the discipline and Park's original essay
is presented as a seminal research program destined to be later fulfilled by the newly established urban sociologists.
The author wishes to thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and helpful comments on the first draft of the paper,
Lawrence T. Nichols for his kindly editorial guidence, and Jacques Marquet and Felice Dassetto for their marerial support. 相似文献
9.
Refining Participatory Research with the methodology of Community Oriented Primary Care (COPC), sociologists, medical providers
and other “professionals” were able to assist the people of a small, rural county in western Appalachian North Carolina create
a “community health consortium.” The consortium grew out of a research process funded by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, which
included some 40 interviews with community groups that articulated health problems and barriers to health care. The consortium
then undertook action projects, which in turn enhanced networking between community groups and agencies while reducing mistrust
between them. The consortium empowered people to articulate their realities, needs and became a force for change able to make
demands on political office holders and decision makers. Despite its democratic origins and ideology, the consortium needs
to do more to extend its outreach to include the marginal and disenfranchised. 相似文献
10.
Todd L. Goodsell Matthew Colling Ralph B. Brown J Lynn England 《The American Sociologist》2011,42(4):277-287
Charles Sanders Peirce proposed a semiotic that directed attention to the person or people who are providing interpretation,
making place for the social and cultural. Following Peirce, we consider the meanings and consequences the term “community”
has in an international context. We argue that English affords a richer set of meanings to community, which was not paralleled
in the languages of Southeast Asia. The encounter between English and Southeast Asian languages has lexical consequences,
but more momentous are the cultural changes they index. In Southeast Asian cultures, there is less need for “community” to
take on broader meanings, since those cultures assume social relationality. Thus, the spread of English “community” could
be associated with a rise of individualism in these other cultures, but it could also impoverish the Anglophone West, which
would be denied alternative frameworks in which associational and affective meanings of community are unnecessary. 相似文献
11.
Jean Proulx Denis Bourque Sébastien Savard 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2007,18(3):293-307
In this paper, the authors analyze different forms of interface between the government and third sector organizations in Québec.
In order to do so, they studied relationships in eight different fields of activity: homeless youth services, housing for
intellectually deficient people, support organizations for natural caregivers, community leisure centers, community housing
for the elderly, daycare centers, social economy organizations for domestic assistance, and services specializing in employment
for handicapped people. Following a review of international literature on the relationship between the government and the
third sector, the paper analyzes these relationships on the basis of the typology developed by Jennifer M. Coston, which is
adapted to the Québécois context. In the eight activity sectors studied, the authors found the presence of four different
types of interface between the government and the third sector: “subcontracting,” “coexistence,” “supplementarity,” and “co-construction”
relationships.
相似文献
Denis BourqueEmail: |
12.
Moore Gwen Whitt J. Allen 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2000,11(4):309-328
Focusing on gender inequality in a local community elite, we investigate the role of gender in access to and participation in networks of nonprofit trustees in Louisville, Kentucky. We examine two types of network relations: participation in the network of overlapping board memberships (the structural network) and interpersonal ties of collegiality and friendship (the social network). Asking whether the gender hierarchy found in most private and public sector organizations is mirrored in this inner circle of trustees, with men occupying the most influential positions in the structural and social networks, we find some male advantage in the structural network. Men predominate in holding most board seats, occupying multiple board seats, and in having slightly greater network centrality. By contrast, women hold the edge in the social network, with slightly greater centrality and higher levels of social integration. Women's disadvantage in the structural network is at least partly counterbalanced by their prominence in the social network of trustees in Louisville. Results indicate that the local nonprofit sector includes a small number of women (but no people of color) in leadership roles. 相似文献
13.
Shigehiro Serizawa 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,26(2):305-331
“Strategy-proofness” is one of the axioms that are most frequently used in the recent literature on social choice theory. It requires that by misrepresenting his preferences, no agent can manipulate the outcome of the social choice rule in his favor. The stronger requirement of “group strategy-proofness” is also often employed to obtain clear characterization results of social choice rules. Group strategy-proofness requires that no group of agents can manipulate the outcome in their favors. In this paper, we advocate “effective pairwise strategy-proofness.” It is the requirement that the social choice rule should be immune to unilateral manipulation and “self-enforcing” pairwise manipulation in the sense that no agent of a pair has the incentive to betray his partner. We apply the axiom of effective pairwise strategy-proofness to three types of economies: public good economy, pure exchange economy, and allotment economy. Although effective pairwise strategy-proofness is seemingly a much weaker axiom than group strategy-proofness, effective pairwise strategy-proofness characterizes social choice rules that are analyzed by using different axioms in the literature. 相似文献
14.
Brad Lowell Stone 《The American Sociologist》2008,39(1):68-85
Orthodox neo-Darwinians have typically sought to explain human pro-social behavior by invoking kin altruism and reciprocal
altruism, principles that explain the pro-social behavior of non-human species. These principles, however, do not account
for those features of our species that are most unique and of greatest importance to sociologists—our group identities and
behavior, our cognitive and behavioral plasticity, our capacity for social learning and cumulative culture, among other things.
This article describes the efforts of “dual inheritance” theorists to overcome the deficiencies of orthodox neo-Darwinism
by developing an evolutionary theory of culture, a theory that also seeks to account for human “groupishness,” intelligence,
language use, empathy, morality and religion. The article asserts that dual inheritance theory accommodates most of the traditional
research interests of sociologists while proving a robust explanatory framework and that sociologists are positioned especially
well to contribute to the study of the evolution of culture. 相似文献
15.
Jenny Onyx Lisa Armitage Bronwen Dalton Rose Melville John Casey Robin Banks 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2010,21(1):41-61
This article examines the strategies used by some third sector organizations in Australia to advocate. The purpose of this
article is to identify the kinds of activities that organizations in New South Wales and Queensland use to promote advocacy,
the kinds of language that is used to describe these activities, and the reasons given for the particular strategies adopted.
The extent to which the organizations adopt “softer” (that is more institutional forms of advocacy) rather than more openly
challenging forms of activism is examined, particularly in light of a neo-liberal political and economic environment. In this
analysis emergent strategies are identified that are not easily categorized as either “institutional” or “radical” advocacy.
The article presents an exploratory analysis of some of the implications of the strategies adopted, in terms of their democratic
effects and potential to strengthen the capacity of third sector organizations. The article is informed by the findings of
a qualitative research project involving interviews with 24 organizations in the community services and environmental fields. 相似文献
16.
Westermeyer J Canive J Thuras P Thompson J Kim SW Crosby RD Garrard J 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(2):193-205
Goal This analysis was undertaken to assess the demographic and mental health characteristics of “normal” or non-problem gamblers
versus non-gamblers in a representative community sample. Sample Study participants consisted of 557 North Central American Indian veterans. Data collection included a demographic and trauma questionnaire, a computer-based Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R, and a treatment
history algorithm. Findings Univariate analyses revealed that gamblers had greater social competence (i.e., higher education, living with a spouse) and
higher lifetime psychiatric morbidity. Binary regression analysis revealed that, compared to non-gamblers, gamblers were older,
more highly educated, and more apt to be married. More gamblers showed evidence for lifetime risk-taking as evidenced by Antisocial
Personality Disorder and Tobacco Dependence. Conclusions Social achievement and disposable income function as prerequisites for “normal” gambling in this population, although “externalizing”
or “risk-taking” disorders also serve as independent contributors to at least some gambling. The increased rate of “internalizing”
or emotional disorders are only indirectly related to gambling, perhaps through increasing age or through the “externalizing”
disorders. 相似文献
17.
Choosing subsets: a size-independent probabilistic model and the quest for a social welfare ordering
“Subset voting” denotes a choice situation where one fixed set of choice alternatives (candidates, products) is offered to
a group of decision makers, each of whom is requested to pick a subset containing any number of alternatives. In the context
of subset voting we merge three choice paradigms, “approval voting“ from political science, the “weak utility model” from
mathematical psychology, and “social welfare orderings” from social choice theory. We use a probabilistic choice model proposed
by Falmagne and Regenwetter (1996) built upon the notion that each voter has a personal ranking of the alternatives and chooses
a subset at the top of the ranking. Using an extension of Sen's (1966) theorem about value restriction, we provide necessary
and sufficient conditions for this empirically testable choice model to yield a social welfare ordering. Furthermore, we develop
a method to compute Borda scores and Condorcet winners from subset choice probabilities. The technique is illustrated on an
election of the Mathematical Association of America (Brams, 1988).
Received: 18 August 1995 / Accepted: 13 February 1997 相似文献
18.
Robert C. Hauhart 《The American Sociologist》2003,34(4):5-24
In 1945 Davis and Moore, following an earlier formulation by Davis, proposed a functional theory of stratification that was
intended to account for what they contended was the “universal necessity” for social inequality in any social order. Beginning
with an article by Tumin in 1953, the Davis-Moore theory elicited regular analysis, commentary, criticism, and debate through
the 1970s. Although professional work on the theory has largely ceased since the late 1980s, the Davis-Moore theory remains
perhaps the single most widely cited paper in American introductory sociology and stratification textbooks and constitutes
“required reading” in hundreds, if not thousands, of undergraduate and graduate courses throughout the United States. The
present paper traces the history of the debate and attempts to explain the theory’s longevity and vitality in the face of
what has amounted to largely negative assessments by other sociologists over the preceding fifty years. 相似文献
19.
Todd W. Ferguson Samuel Stroope Joshua C. Tom Brita Andercheck Brandon C. Martinez 《Sociological spectrum》2017,37(4):223-236
Community solidarity, or a collective sense of belonging, plays a vital role in the health and survival of many organizations. Consequently, identifying the elements that contribute to a strong sense of solidarity within communities has long been a topic of inquiry for scholars. In this study, we draw upon prior theorizing to develop and test four hypotheses regarding the organizational characteristics associated with community solidarity in religious congregations. Multivariate models are estimated using national data on religious congregations from the 2001 U.S. Congregational Life Survey (n?=?357). Organizations with greater community solidarity tend to feature higher levels of social capital (operationalized with measures of friendship networks and participation in organizational activities), higher levels of official membership within the organization, and inspiring congregational leadership. Higher levels of commitment are associated with greater community solidarity, but the effect is wholly mediated by social capital. Congregations that engender higher levels of community solidarity share certain organizational features, including higher levels of social capital, higher rates of membership, and inspiring leaders. 相似文献
20.
Gunnar L. H. Svendsen 《Theory and Society》2006,35(1):39-70
In recent years, the concept of social capital – broadly defined as co-operative networks based on regular, personal contact
and trust – has been widely applied within cross-disciplinary human science research, primarily by economists, political scientists
and sociologists. In this article, I argue why and how fieldwork anthropologists should fill a gap in the social capital literature
by highlighting how social capital is being built in situ. I suggest that the recent inventions of “bridging” and “bonding” social capital, e.g., inclusive and exclusive types of
social capital, are fruitful concepts to apply in an anthropological fieldwork setting. Thus, my case study on the relationship
between local people and newcomers in the rural Danish marginal municipality of Ravnsborg seeks to reveal processes of bridging/bonding
social capital building. Such a case study at the micro level has general policy implications for a cultural clash between
two different groups by demonstrating the complexity of a social capital mix where bonding social capital strongly prevails.
This ultimately leads to a “social trap” (Rothstein 2005), implying widespread distrust and serious social and economic costs
for a whole population.
Gunnar Lind Haase Svendsen is Senior Researcher, at the Institute of Rural Research and Development, Southern University of Denmark. He is the co-author,
with G. T. Svendsen, of The Creation and Destruction of Social Capital: Entrepreneurship, Co-operative Movements and Institutions (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2004, Paperback edition, October 2005); and author of Samarbejde og konfrontation. Opbygning og nedbrydning af social kapital i de danske landdistrikter 1864–2003 [Cooperation and Confrontation. The Creation and Destruction of Social Capital in Rural Denmark 1864–2003], Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Sourthern Denmark, Esbjerg, 2004: http://www.humaniora.sdu.dk/phd/dokumenter/filer/Afhandlinger-30.pdfg. Gunnar
Svendsen's scholarly interests include Bourdieusian Economics (new socioeconomics), capital theory, social capital, rural
civic movements, and rural discourses. He has recently finished a research project for the Danish Ministry of the Interior
about the role of intangible assets (culture, networks, and historical traditions) for differences in economic performance
(DEP) among four Danish local communities. 相似文献