陕西省人口城镇化发展存在问题及策略研究——基于2010年人口普查资料和2015年1%抽样调查数据

随着工业化和城镇化的不断发展,陕西省人口城镇化出现不一样的特征.本文以陕西省2015年1%抽样调查数据为基础,结合陕西省第六次人口普查资料,对陕西省5年来的人口变化情况及存在问题进行了分析,得出人口向关中地区、城市市辖区集聚更加明显,异地城镇化和半城镇化现象仍然较严重,老龄化问题突出,因此要通过推进农业转移人口市民化、培育县域优势主导产业、完善基础设施和公共服务设施来推进县域发展,推进就地就近城镇化,缓解大城市和城市市辖区发展压力,促进区域均衡发展.     

浙江省欠发达地区城镇化模式探究

不同国家和地区人口城镇化的途径和方式各不相同 ,对于欠发达地区 ,尤其是位于经济发达地区边缘的县 (市 )来说 ,异地城镇化将是不可避免的发展模式。正确对待异地城镇化 ,对欠发达地区经济、社会和环境的可持续发展具有重要意义     

中国人口城镇化战略研究

文章重点分析人口城镇化的中国特色;在对人口城镇化未来发展趋势判断的基础上,提出具体的战略目标、路径和举措。研究表明,人口城镇化将成为我国未来社会发展的基本国情,将对未来繁荣发展的源泉和动力产生重大影响;目前中国人口城镇化面临滞后于工业化、土地城镇化,户籍人口城镇化滞后于常住人口城镇化等问题;"十二五"期间中国人口城镇化发展方向将由单纯速度向速度与质量并重转变,改革进入以推进深度人口城镇化为特征、促进城乡一体化的新阶段;需要把人口城镇化作为深化改革的主导力量,以扩大城镇就业、户籍制度改革为基本导向,大力提高人口城镇化水平和质量,推动城乡公共服务均等化,走出一条中国特色人口城镇化道路。     

区域人口城镇化多维特征对居民电力消费的驱动影响——基于浙江省分县数据的实证研究

人口城镇化是能源消费和碳排放增长最重要的驱动因素之一,也是居民电力消费增长的核心驱动因素.以往的研究仅考虑人口城镇化水平的影响,忽略了人口城镇化的异质性模式的影响,且对低层次空间单元的关注不够.文章集成浙江省2000年和2010年分县数据,将区域人口城镇化特征分解为水平、形态、结构和阶段,利用固定效应模型分析其对居民电力消费的驱动影响.结果发现:区域人口城镇化水平提高、形态紧凑化、结构本地化、发展阶段高端化、平均家庭户规模缩小、劳动参与率降低对居民电力消费有着显著的驱动影响,而户均房间数减少则有抑制作用.未来新型城镇化应规范人口城镇化水平的统计标准,提倡紧凑型人口城镇化形态,协调人口城镇化和土地城镇化,加强电力配套保障.     

甘肃省人口城镇化的发展与预测

本文回顾了1960年以来甘肃省城镇化的发展历程,分析了甘肃省城镇化的现状及存在的问题,在此基础上采用社会经济发展指标与城镇化水平指标之间的统计关系,对甘肃省人口城镇化的水平进行了预测,结果表明,甘肃省人口城镇化如果继续按照目前的模式发展,前景不容乐现.最后,就城镇发展指导思想、城镇建设投资体制改革、城镇化道路、城镇化形式和户籍制度等方面提出了甘肃省城镇化发展的对策建议.     

迁徙中国视野下我国县域人口流动状况与发展挑战

基于全国人口普查数据和全国1%抽样调查资料,从跨县流动和县内流动两方面,系统地梳理了2000年以来县域人口流动的现状特征和变化趋势。研究发现,我国县域人口跨县流动活跃性正迅速增强,净流出活跃型县域数量迅速增加,跨县流出人口规模迅速扩大,跨县流出人口的中老年化趋势明显、省内流动占比增加、流动原因趋于多元。与此同时,净流入活跃型县域和跨县流入人口的增长缓慢,跨县流入人口中,老年人占比有所下降、省内人口占比不断提高、社会型流动占比有所降低。我国县内流动人口规模止升趋降,乡城流动稳占主流,县内流动儿童和老人规模持续扩大,家庭、教育和宜居成为县内流动主要原因。我国县域已由乡土时代步入迁徙时代,人口流失加快了县域人口负增长转变,区域分化提升了分类治理难度,流留儿童带来学校教育和亲情双重挑战,流留老人增加提高了养老公共服务需求,人口流动重塑了县域家庭结构。基于此,要妥善应对县域人口流失、强化县域的分类施策和公共服务多样化供给。     

人口集聚与城镇化协调发展研究

人口要素作为一切经济活动的主体,在以人为核心的新型城镇化进程中发挥着尤为重要的作用。人口集聚为城镇化提供重要动力,而城镇化进程将进一步促进人口集聚,人口要素与城镇化进程通过经济、社会、文化和环境等方面深度融合,形成密不可分、相互促进的系统。本文构建关联协调度模型分析近15年来我国人口集聚与城镇化协调发展的状况。结果显示,我国的人口集聚水平和城镇化进程由不协调逐步转向协调发展,即初期在传统城镇化阶段,人口集聚水平落后于城镇化水平,而在后期的新型城镇化阶段,人口集聚开始引领新型城镇化发展。通过改善人口城乡结构、人口教育结构、人口就业结构和人口收入结构可以有效缓解人口年龄结构带来的隐患,这将是未来一段时期内人口集聚与城镇化继续协调发展的关键所在。     

贵州农村人口城镇化对人口发展的影响

本文通过比较分析了人口城镇化与非人口城镇化两种方案对贵州人口发展的影响,得出了人口城镇化方案对贵州总体人口数量、人口质量及人口老龄化产生的影响是积极的这一结论。在此基础上提出了推进贵州农村人口城镇化的几点政策启示。     

含迁移要素的区域人口随机预测方法及其应用--以浙江省宁波市为例

以宁波市为例,基于宁波市“六普”与“五普”数据,首先利用年龄别死亡率对同批次队列人口进行年龄移算,即人口留存分析,对比2010年的实际人口数和无迁移模式下的封闭人口数之差,进一步测算两次普查期间分性别、年龄别人口的净迁移量和净迁移率。然后,将迁移率与出生率和死亡率整合,构建多要素随机人口预测模型,预测宁波市未来人口变化趋势,并评估迁移、死亡、出生三要素对人口变动的弹性影响效果。结果表明：人口净迁入对宁波市人口总量变化影响最大,而低死亡率和低出生率是未来50年加剧宁波市人口老龄化的主要原因。未来50年内,劳动力人口净迁入对降低宁波市人口老年负担系数的作用有限。鼓励夫妇生育二孩,优化人才引进与落户机制,尽快建立起应对高龄社会的公共服务体系尤其是长期照护体系,应是宁波市人口政策改革的当务之急。     

关于人口增长、环境退化、贫困与政策取向的深层次思考

通过对人口增长与环境退化和贫困之间的关系分析,得出人口增长是环境恶化和资源过快耗竭的关键原因.而恶化的环境和资源的稀缺又导致贫困.在此基础上,提出了解决这个问题的政策取向--除了关键依靠科技进步和控制人口增长外,还应加强城镇化建设和停止误导性的开发.     

未来全国和不同区域人口城镇化水平预测

城镇化将是我国未来几十年社会经济发展的动力之一。从人口学的角度讲,在加速城镇化过程中,人口三大因素,即出生、死亡、迁移的变化中,人口城乡迁移将是核心问题。本文在城镇化发展的中方案假设下,利用ⅡASA的模型对全国和地区未来30年人口城镇化水平进行预测。结果显示了全国和不同区域的城镇化长期趋势;揭示了城乡间的迁移和农村居民身份的改变,是城镇地区人口高速增长的重要因素。伴随城镇化的加速,农村地区人口老龄化速度快于城市。     

城镇化进程中的人口流动与城镇新增贫困人口问题分析

在城镇化的过程中,农村人口净流向城镇。这一方面推动城镇和农村的发展,另一方面带来城镇贫困人口的增加。由农村流入城镇的人口其贫困发生率大致在3%以上。为预防和保障人口流动中的城镇新增贫困人口,应该采取措施分类引导人口的城镇化,建立和完善进入城镇农民的社会保障体系,积极发展城镇服务业等第三产业,避免过度的城市化带来城镇贫困问题的扩大。     

教育发展差异对人口迁移的影响——基于城市化发展的视角

改革开放以来,在制度改革和经济转型的双重作用下,我国人口迁移规模不断扩大,在影响迁移的因素当中教育水平是一个非常重要的影响。研究结果表明:教育在我国人口迁移过程中确实发挥显著的作用。从全国总体来看,教育对人口的迁入与迁出均呈现反向作用关系;城市教育水平与迁入及迁出也均呈现反向作用关系;然而,县教育水平与迁入及迁出均呈现正向作用关系。这反映出,我国目前的人口迁移是一种层级递进式的迁移情况。这种层级递进的模式实质上是我国城市化进程的反映,在这个过程中教育的作用不可忽视。     

International Migration and City Growth in the Global South: An Analysis of IPUMS Data for Seven Countries, 1992–2013

Evidence on the demographic components of city growth in the global South is scarce, and the role played by international migration is neglected. We analyze the importance of recent international migration in cities, compare it with that of internal movements, and evaluate the growth contribution across national contexts and the urban hierarchy. Combining individual-level census data and geographic master files of metropolitan areas with indirect demographic estimation techniques, we cover 377 cities in seven countries. It is found that, in almost one third of cities, population change and replacement has been mainly determined by migration. The international component was larger than the internal one in more than half of cities. Whereas internal migration tends to decrease with rising city size, international movements tend to increase. Positive net international migration substitutes for the net losses from domestic movements in large cities, but complements the gains in intermediate-sized cities.     

Internal migration: why do Filipinos move?

The rapid movement of Filipinos from 1 part of the Philippines to another is not a new phenomenon, but mobility has been increasing. A study conducted by Peter C. Smith revealed that interprovincial lifetime mobility of the national population increased from 15.8% in 1960 to 17.6% in 1970, while interregional mobility increased from 12.7% to 13.4%. People still disagree as to whether the size and rate of growth of the population are excessive, but there seems to be total consensus as regards its spatial imbalance. Because internal migration appears to be an important factor in national development, a need exists to examine different aspects of internal migration, such as the directions taken by migration flows, the migrants' reasons for moving, the migrants' characteristics, the migrants' success or lack of success at their places of destination, the social problems accompanying internal migration, effforts to deal with the problems caused by internal migration, and the implications of migration trends for policy and for the country's development programs. The most dominant migration trend in the Philippines in recent years has been toward the urban, or more accurately the suburban, areas adjacent to Metropolitan Manila. The city of Manila itself suffered a net outflow, further pointing to the trend toward suburbanization. Migration flows are primarily caused by economic reasons. About one half the sample of a Filipinas Foundation Study moved to provinces other than the province of birth in the pursuit of employment and other economic opportunities. A study of the country's migrant population age 15 and older showed that 53% of migrants were female. For male migrants, age ranges from 20-40; it ranges from 15-35 for females. Where cash income is concerned, migrants in Pernia's study of rural urban migration were better off than nonmigrants. Migrants were, on the average, as well off as native urbanites or metropolitanites. Among the more significant points raised by scholars and researchers are the following: urbanization is an inevitable and irreversible process, and it is wise to plan for it; the problem is not rapid urbanization but unbalanced urbanization, i.e., the concentration of urbanization in Metro Manila; steps to alter national urban patterns might include establishing a migration guidance office; the need exists for an explicit, firm, and consistent population distribution policy; and solutions that anticipate problems having to do with internal migration and prevent these problems from arising will, in the long run, be more effective than curative solutions.     

中国人口迁移与城市化研究的近今发展

本文总结近年来特别是十一五期间中国人口迁移与城市化研究的重要成果,并指出当前学科存在的主要薄弱环节。研究着重探讨未来学科研究的发展趋势及重点研究领域。十二五期间重点研究领域应在:人口迁移、城市化对经济推动作用的定量分析与评估,城乡统筹发展目标下的人口迁移与城市化发展研究,城市化过程中乡-城迁移人口的户籍制度改革设计,我国自然灾害多发地区的人口分布与受害迁移预案研究,全球化背景下国际人口迁移及其对我国社会经济发展的影响研究,等等。     

城市化的城乡差别效应和城乡协调发展

城市化作为人口和地域的乡 -城转化过程 ,必然会对城市和乡村两个方面产生各种差别效应。深入研究这种差别效应 ,对统筹城乡发展 ,具有重要意义。本文主要利用 2 0 0 0年人口普查省内迁移有关数据 ,分析乡 -城迁移体现于收入水平、年龄结构、生育水平、受教育程度、劳动就业、人口分布等特征的城乡差别效应。认为全面建设小康社会 ,必须充分注意城市化的差别效应对城乡协调发展的影响 ,实施城乡协调型的城市化战略 ,走城市化推动型的城乡协调发展道路。     

Migration - a mixed blessing

Regarding migration, the current thinking is that certain aspects of migration have important implications for population planning. Focus here is on the role of migration and its influence on integrated development programs. Although individuals who migrate to cities are generally from the more privileged socioeconomic groups within the rural area, it is not accurate to identify them as the "cream of the rural population." Present population policies do consider the fact that 70 to 80% of the people live in rural areas, yet population policies give only lip service to migration policies. In response to a question as to whether urbanization is conducive to pro- to anti-natal tendencies in migrating families the responses varied. 1 opinion was that there is no evidence that urbanization and the natality behavior of migrating families is significantly related, while other opinions identified a relationship between anti-natal behavior and migration. Rural development and rural growth centers do seem to help alleviate population problems of rural and urban areas, but their success is very dependent on the kind of rural development programs and the extent of services provided through the growth center. The following are among the advantages to "planned migration" that can be used to strengthen population policies: 1) effective utilization of manpower; 2) balanced regional development; 3) further exploitation of natural resources; and 4) reducing the various problems in urban regions. Many do believe that international migration is a feasible solution to population problems in the global context.     

Urban growth in China: past, prospect, and its impacts

Rapid growth and globalization of the domestic economy have dramatically accelerated urbanization in China, resulting in significant environmental impacts and challenges for sustainable development. Using a multistate model accounting for distributional aspects of age, sex, education, and migration in rural and urban regions, we estimate the magnitude of urbanization in China through 2030 and examine some major associated sustainability issues. Results indicate that: (1) for a range of assumptions, China’s urban population will nearly double from 2000 to 2030; (2) the labor force will constitute a larger share of total population in urban areas than rural due to internal migration of younger workers—this appears particularly true for the mega-urban metropolises of Beijing and Shanghai; (3) rural populations will experience more aging than urban; and (4) level of education among China’s rural labor force will remain low, which could pressure China’s industrial structural transition from an agricultural to a service-based economy.     

引入迁移人口的人口预测模型构建

本文建立一种引入迁移人口的人口预测模型,该模型将根据年龄别净迁移率测算出各年龄段分性别的净迁移人口,并将模型划分为零岁人口预测模型和非零岁人口预测模型分别进行预测。根据此模型可预测人口总数、各年龄段人口总数、劳动人口总数、老少比变动情况及各年龄段女性人口数等指标。