城市居民对流动人口的社会包容性:以厦门市的中产阶层为例

城市居民对流动人口的社会态度是社会包容性的内在体现。本文主要探讨城市中产阶层对流动人口的社会态度,进而分析该群体的社会包容性。基于2013年的调查数据,作者通过构建社会包容指数来观察和分析中产阶层社会包容的社会态度特征。研究发现城市中产阶层对流动人口的社会态度整体较为包容,但是不同类型的中产阶层之间存在着显著的态度差异,边缘中产阶层、老中产阶层的社会态度呈现出不包容的特征,而新中产阶层、企业主阶层的社会态度相对较为包容。这种态度上的差异与不同类别的中产阶层的产生背景及嵌入的政治经济结构有关。     

中国当代中产阶层的构成及比例

文章基于对全国抽样调查数据的分析,以职业、收入、消费和主观认同4个指标,估计了目前中产阶层在总人口中所占的比例,并考查了其构成特征。数据分析显示,以单项指标估计的职业中产、收入中产、消费中产和主观认同中产在人口中已占有相当比例,但若以综合指标定义的中产阶层则人数极少,而且他们主要集中于大中城市的某些部门和行业中。文章的结论是,就其规模和综合特征而言,中国还未形成确定的现代中产阶层,但在大都市中,少数的中产阶层分子引领着文化、消费和社会价值的潮流。     

基于平均家庭规模的家庭结构预测方法

家庭结构对政策制定和制度安排具有重要意义,现有家庭结构预测方法受到数据要求过高、预测参数过多的局限.本文提出的三参数家庭规模结构方程,只有一个随时间变化的参数,只需要预测平均家庭规模的变化趋势,就可以对家庭规模结构进行预测.模型整体检验显示,家庭规模结构方程的解释力在80%以上,模型的参数能够保持一致性.家庭规模结构方程具有良好的预测精度,绝对误差在0.02左右.利用中国公开的家庭规模结构数据对模型进行了运算,发现家庭规模结构方程是一种稳健、简约的家庭结构分析方法.     

河南省家庭户变迁的市场需求分析

家庭作为社会生活组织的基本单位,其数量、规模、结构及生命历程的变化,对市场需求产生极大影响.     

广东家庭户规模与家庭生命周期变化特点

本文分析广东省家庭户的规模和结构变化 ,以及广东家庭生命周期的形成、扩展、稳定、收缩、空巢和解体等六个阶段的新特点。这些变化和特点将对广东的经济发展产生深远的影响。     

重构家庭功能保障体系

中国传统家庭担负着包括经济、抚养、赡养、教育、感情等各种功能,是一个功能的复合体。传统家庭中较多的家庭成员,以及父慈子孝、长尊幼卑等家庭伦理观念,维系家庭功能的充分发挥,对国家安定、社会和谐与家庭幸福具有重要意义。随着家庭人口规模小型化、人口老化、结构多样化和家庭人口居住分散化,特别是传统家庭伦理观念的淡化,家庭功能逐步弱化。家庭规模小型化人口老化,家庭养老能力下降。     

中国家庭户规模和家庭结构分析

我国1982年人口普查数字公布以后,使用其有关数据,探索我国人口发展变化对于家庭户规模和结构的影响;研究我国社会主义革命所导致的经济、社会和心理等方面的巨大变化,对于家庭户规模和结构的影响;研究新旧社会家庭户规模和结构的差异变化和变化的原因,把握其特点和发展的趋势,不仅在理论上是有意义的,而且对于社会主义建设也是有实际意义的。     

流动家庭的现状与特征分析

文章基于2011年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,从家庭规模、代数、结构和居住安排等方面,描述了流动人口在流入地的家庭特征.结果表明,家庭规模为2.46人;平均1.54代人;家庭结构以核心家庭为主(占68.6％),单人家庭次之(占27.0％),主干家庭和其他家庭各占3.3％和1.1％;2/3的子女与流动父母同住.但是,全国的平均水平掩盖了较大的地区性差别:中部地区和跨县流动者的家庭规模最大、代数最多、家庭结构更复杂、子女更易与父母团聚,而在东部地区、长三角和珠三角经济带跨省流动者中,家庭规模最小、代数最少、结构最简单,团聚更不易.这些特点透视出,各地不同的经济社会发展程度对家庭团聚设置的门槛不同,同时也折射出流动人口的自选择性.     

家庭转变的动态过程及其环境负载研究

在家庭规模效应的作用下,家庭结构变化对资源环境有着特别重要的意义.文章构建并验证了中国家庭转变模型.中国家庭转变呈现区域性特征,发达地区家庭转变分界点为1975年和2003年,并已进入家庭转变的末期;发展中地区家庭转变分界点为1981年,第二分界点还没有到来.家庭转变的环境影响分析显示,家庭规模变化产生的环境效应全面超越人口数量变化的效应,成为仅次于消费水平的重要因素,从家庭结构变化的角度分析人口与资源环境的关系具有合理性和必要性.家庭转变会导致家庭消费品效率的损失,在享受家庭转变带来的社会福利时,也不能忽视其对环境造成的负面压力,发展中地区应积极总结发达地区的经验教训,避免发达地区的相关环境危机重演.     

论家庭变迁与人口的生育行为

家庭变迁与人口生育行为的变化呈动态关系和密切的相关关系。随着社会的变迁、时代的进步,我国的家庭规模与结构、家庭关系、家庭经济生产功能、家庭生活方式和养老保障功能等正发生着深刻的变化,对人口的生育行为、人口与计划生育工作以及政策的制定正产生着越来越大的影响。在当今市场经济条件下,重新审视家庭与人口生育的关系,考察家庭变迁与人口的生育行为,分析和确定家庭因素对人口生育行为的影响具有重要的现实意义。     

An analysis of the size of the family household and family structure in China]

Since 1949, great social and economic changes have taken place in China. The entire economic structure and social relations are no longer the way they used to be. These changes have also had a strong impact on the size of family households and family structure. Major changes are summarized as follows: (1) The size of the present family household has been greatly reduced from its earlier size. The main reason for this reduction in size is the change of the social system. Under the new social system, the natural population growth rate and family structure have shown the greatest change from the past. (2) The major change in family structure is that small families have replaced the traditional large families. Under the large family system, several generations may stay together as one household, and brothers do not divide the large family even after they are married. Under the small family system, a household is normally limited to the parents and their children. With the gradual disappearance of large families, small families are increasing rapidly. Some households with three generations living together are still in existence, and the young and the old may support each other in their daily life. Both in cities and in rural areas, the traditional custom of respecting one's old parents still exists. There must be a value and necessity for the existence of this particular kind of family structure.     

Decomposition of the Shrinking Middle-class and Directional Mobility in Finland 1995–2012

This paper investigates the middle-class decline in Finland from 1995 to 2012. The purpose is to examine how changes in the probabilities of belonging to the middle class in different socioeconomic groups have contributed to the middle-class decline while taking into account changes in the relative sizes of the groups. A decomposition analysis indicates that most of the decline has been due to the probability effect, especially among the least-educated population. Changes in age demographics and educational structure have contributed to the decline. The results of the decomposition are supported by mobility results, which indicate that individuals with a tertiary (no secondary) degree have been subject to upward (downward) mobility over the observed time period. In conclusion, the middle-class decline and polarization in Finland are asymmetrically reflected in different education groups. The highly educated have climbed up the income distribution, while the least educated have fallen.

     

Diverging Mobility Trajectories: Grandparent Effects on Educational Attainment in One- and Two-Parent Families in the United States

In recent years, sociological research investigating grandparent effects in three-generation social mobility has proliferated, mostly focusing on the question of whether grandparents have a direct effect on their grandchildren’s social attainment. This study hypothesizes that prior research has overlooked family structure as an important factor that moderates grandparents’ direct effects. Capitalizing on a counterfactual causal framework and multigenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study examines the direct effect of grandparents’ years of education on grandchildren’s years of educational attainment and heterogeneity in the effects associated with family structure. The results show that for both African Americans and whites, grandparent effects are the strongest for grandchildren who grew up in two-parent families, followed by those in single-parent families with divorced parents. The weakest effects were marked in single-parent families with unmarried parents. These findings suggest that the increasing diversity of family forms has led to diverging social mobility trajectories for families across generations.     

On some characteristics of the population development in the Shenzhen Special Economic Region]

Shenzhen was originally a town in Guandong Province. In 1979, it was made into a Special Economic Region in order to cope with the needs of modernization. Because of rapid economic development, the population has also been growing rapidly. Before 1979, the total population of Shenzhen was only 20,000, both industry and agriculture were backward, and the living standard was low. After it was made a Special Economic Region, its population figure reached 200,000 according to a 1982 report. The age structure of the local population is young, and there are more males than females. In the last two years, because of family planning measures, the natural population growth rate has shown an obvious downward trend. The population development of Shenzhen has several characteristics: 1) the pace of population growth is very fast; 2) the educational level for the population is high, and investment in education is emphasized; 3) population mobility is strong, and it has an extensive impact on the local market, transportation, and social order; 4) the social and economic systems of Hong Kong have a special influence on its population development. Special studies and discussions concerning how to control Shenzhen's population growth, how to determine the trends toward change in age structure, and how to promote population quality and spiritual civilization should be conducted according to characteristics of the local population development.     

深圳市城市内部人口与社会空间结构研究

“物以类聚,人以群分”,城市内部的人们由于社会、经济、文化等原因而在空间上表现为一定结构。国内外对于深圳市这类新兴移民城市的人口和社会空间结构研究还不多见,通过采用因子分析和空间分析结合的计算机统计分析技术,使用第四次人口普查和第五次人口普查数据,从人口空间结构和社会空间结构两大方面对深圳市的人口展开研究。具体来说,一是深圳市人口数量的分布和变化研究,主要通过人口总量、人口密度和多个人口密度分布模型来测算和分析;二是对于社会空间结构的分析,主要对人口普查数据的人口社会、经济、文化属性进行因子分析,提取出若干个主因子,然后根据各个街道这些因子的得分情况进行聚类分析,得到深圳市社会空间结构的模型。     

The effects of the age and structure of population on family change]

The age structure of a population is one basic factor of population research. It is not only affected by birth, death, immigration, and marriage, but it also reflected in changes of family size. The article analyzed it from two aspects: (1) the age structure of population acts on the size and structure of the family. The younger the age structure, the larger the family size. Otherwise, it is the opposite. According to the 1982 census, 35.4% of the population was 0-14 years in rural areas, and average family size was 4.6; but in urban areas 26.0% of the population was 0-14 years and family size was 3.9. The family was characterized as a nuclear family as industrialization in economic development increased and the population aged. In the 1982 census, 64.7% were nuclear family and 6% were aging population in China. Three- generation families (or more) have decreased dramatically. The change of family size and structure is affected by change of internal family age structure. The younger population (0-14 years) is dependent and 90% live with their parents. The adult population (15-59) years are more affected by marriage, birth and social economic action. Families are established in this age period and give much more effect to fertility. The aging population (over 60) years is facing changes. They appear to be a "Defect" family because the wife or husband has passed away. They change from independent to dependent. 78.3% population over 60 years were dependent on children or social welfare, only 21.7% were independent according to the survey in Beijing Changping County.     

At home with strangers: social exclusion and intimate labor in Anthony Chen’s Ilo Ilo (2013)

In Singapore, many middle-class families employ foreign domestic workers (FDWs) to take on care and domestic work. In this setup, female FDWs need to be “a part of the family” and “feel at home” to better perform and render intimate labor, but they are structurally displaced and prevented from being fully integrated in both their employer’s homes and in the host country. Ilo Ilo (2013), a debut film by a Singaporean director Anthony Chen, has poignantly portrayed this paradoxical relationship by showing a young boy’s growing affection to his Filipina maid, and how this brief yet enduring bond demonstrates migration’s effects on both the foreign helpers and the middle-class families employing them. This Singaporean family melodrama depicts the affective nature of migration by demonstrating how FDWs are positioned as an intimate yet excluded figure inside the employer’s homes. The contradiction between intimacy and social exclusion seen in the film also simultaneously describes and prescribes the FDW’s place in the host country. The film illustrates the paradox of intimacy and exclusion in the host–guest worker relationship of employers and their maids within the private domains of household and the public discourse on FDWs’ claims in Singapore.     

Childhood Family Structure and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States

The declining prevalence of two-parent families helped increase income inequality over recent decades. Does family structure also condition how economic (dis)advantages pass from parents to children? If so, shifts in the organization of family life may contribute to enduring inequality between groups defined by childhood family structure. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, I combine parametric and nonparametric methods to reveal how family structure moderates intergenerational income mobility in the United States. I find that individuals raised outside stable two-parent homes are much more mobile than individuals from stable two-parent families. Mobility increases with the number of family transitions but does not vary with children’s time spent coresiding with both parents or stepparents conditional on a transition. However, this mobility indicates insecurity, not opportunity. Difficulties maintaining middle-class incomes create downward mobility among people raised outside stable two-parent homes. Regardless of parental income, these people are relatively likely to become low-income adults, reflecting a new form of perverse equality. People raised outside stable two-parent families are also less likely to become high-income adults than people from stable two-parent homes. Mobility differences account for about one-quarter of family-structure inequalities in income at the bottom of the income distribution and more than one-third of these inequalities at the top.     

The impacts of rapid demographic transition on family structure and income inequality in Brazil, 1981–2011

This study analysed the impact of changing family structure on income distribution. Specifically, it analysed how changes in the proportions of different categories of family in the population contributed to increases in the income of the richest and poorest social strata in Brazil, and the consequent impacts on income inequality. Rural and urban families were compared in order to understand how these dynamics had different impacts on more developed (urban) and less developed (rural) areas. The results emphasize how changes observed in family structure are more pronounced among the richest families, contributing to an increase in (i) the income of the richest families and (ii) income inequality between the richest and poorest families, as well as between urban and rural areas.     

Learning to Stay? Mobile Modernity and the Sociology of Choice

Abstract

Linking physical and social mobilities to a modernity typified by increased foci on individualization, consumption, workplace flexibilization and the need for further (and further) education, this paper argues the need for mobility scholars to pay greater attention to the role played by educational institutions in family formation and the decisions associated with where to locate oneself in relation to these institutions. The research project under consideration took place in a remote Australian resource boomtown, an epicentre of global capital concentration and a concomitant mobile modernity. It focuses on educational decision-making that absorbs increasing amounts of energy among middle-class families in various parts of the globe, exploring the sociological implications of this and the links with physical and social mobilities.