居住安排对农村老年人日常生活自理能力影响的跟踪研究

随着我国经济的常态化发展和城镇化进程的不断推进,青壮年劳动力转移促使农村老年人居住安排发生变动并对家庭养老构成威胁,进而对老年人的日常生活自理能力构成冲击。本文使用西安交通大学人口与发展研究所于2009年、2012年和2015年进行的"安徽省农村老年人福利状况"跟踪调查数据,运用个体增长模型将农村老年人的居住安排划分为主干家庭、隔代家庭和"空巢"家庭,深入剖析居住安排变动对农村老年人日常生活自理能力的跟踪影响。研究发现农村老年人由居住在非主干家庭变动为主干家庭会使其日常生活自理能力显著衰退,居住在非隔代家庭变动为隔代家庭显著减缓了其日常生活自理能力的衰退,而居住在非"空巢"家庭变动为"空巢"家庭对其日常生活自理能力衰退的减缓作用存在选择性;研究揭示了农村老年人所选择的居住安排是基于整体家庭客观需求并以全体家庭成员利益最大化为目标而做出的家庭决策,居住安排的不同会带来迥异的日常生活自理能力影响。在中国独特的家庭养老背景下,居住安排作为农村家庭养老的重要方面应引起高度重视,其对老年人日常生活自理能力产生的影响更不容忽视。     

老年人日常生活自理能力的作用机理研究

为了丰富和完善老年人日常生活自理能力研究的理论体系,本文运用文献法从个体社会经济因素、生活方式和行为习惯、慢性病患病状况以及宏观环境四方面论述了老年人自理能力的作用机理,指出了个体因素作用于老年人自理能力个体差异、宏观因素作用于老年人自理能力区域差异的具体路径。     

中国老年人的生活自理能力状况与变化

本文利用2004年全国人口变动抽样调查数据对中国老年人的生活自理能力进行了分析,又与1994年老年人生活自理能力进行了对比。分析结果表明,2004年我国老年人中有8.9%生活不能自理,由此推算全国生活不能自理的老年人已经超过1200万人。分年龄、性别和城乡的老年人生活自理能力存在明显差别,年龄越大生活自理能力越差、女性不能自理比例高于男性、农村比城市差、中西部地区生活不能自理比例远高于东部地区。与1994年相比,中国老年人的生活自理能力总体上略有下降,需要进一步关注老年人的生活质量。     

农村老年人自给自理能力研究

现行状况下养老负担在很大程度上取决于老年人的生活自给与自理能力。本文用生命表方法对老年人的生活自给自理能力进行了分析。研究结果表明,农村老年人“活到老,做到老”这种行为模式,大大降低了农村的养老压力。现行农村养老问题的焦点是养老经济保障,尤其是农村女性老年人口的养老问题     

中国老年人生活自理能力发展轨迹研究

生活自理能力是影响老年人健康及生活质量的最为普遍性的问题。本文利用"中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查"十年追踪数据对老年人的生活自理能力(ADL和IADL)的发展轨迹进行深入研究。研究发现老年人的ADL自理能力发展轨迹呈现出低起点快速下降型、高起点急速下降型、高起点平稳下降型三种类型,老年人的IADL自理能力发展轨迹则分为低起点快速下降型和高起点缓慢下降型两种类型。不同社会经济特征老年群体在生活自理能力发展轨迹类型上存在显著差异,老年妇女、少数民族老年人、低教育程度者、老年农民和城市从未正式工作过的老年人的生活自理能力发展轨迹属于较差模式的可能性更高。老年人生活自理能力发展轨迹形态受人口社会学特征、健康状况、社会交往、家庭支持等多方面的影响。基于实证研究结果,文章认为应加强社会政策的公平性导向,积极扩展社会经济地位对健康的正向作用;广泛调动家庭和社会力量的介入,通过增加老年人与家人、邻里和朋友的联络、交流和支持来改善健康状况;同时应基于老年人生活自理能力动态发展的模式和特点,构建适合的社会预防照护和长期照护服务体系。     

中国老年人自评自理能力：差异与发展

本文利用2005年全国1％抽样调查数据对60岁以上老年人群的健康状况评价指标的群体差异作出详细的分析。分析表明中国老年人整体对自身的健康评价状况不容乐观。比较而言,女性老年人比男性老年人更倾向于报告较低的生活自理能力。从城乡差别来看,城市老年人的生活自理能力要高于镇、更高于农村老年人。本次调查的数据表明,西部地区老年人生活不能自理比例较高,对老年照料的服务需求的挑战更大。     

1992~2002年中国老年人生活自理能力变化研究

基于1992年中国老年人供养体系调查和2002年中国老年人健康长寿第三期调查,本文对中国老年人1992~2002年生活自理能力的变化进行了探讨。结果显示1992~2002年十年间中国老年人生活自理能力失能率平均年下降l%。其平均年下降率具有如下特点:高龄老人高于中低龄老人;城镇老人高于农村老人;男性老人高于女性老人;非文盲老人高于文盲老人;有配偶老人高于无配偶老人。     

高龄老人自理能力和生活照料及其对策

本文利用1998年在全国22个省、自治区、直辖市进行的中国高龄老人健康长寿监测服务调查的数据对高龄老人生活照料、自理能力及影响因素进行分析.并通过Logistic回归分析探讨影响高龄老年人日常生活自理能力下降的因素.     

中国老年人临终前 生活自理能力的衰退轨迹

本文以老年人为研究对象,以基本生活自理能力(ADL)为测量指标,使用"中国老年健康长寿影响因素跟踪调查"(CLHLS)数据,分析在1998-2014年期间去世的老年人群临终前的生活自理能力的变化轨迹。作者利用组基轨迹模型对男性和女性老年人的生活自理能力变化过程分别进行拟合,发现老年人在临终前的生活自理能力存在显著差异并归纳出三种变化轨迹:生活自理能力完好型、快速发展型和缓慢下降型。研究发现生命历程早期阶段的经历、所处的社会经济状况、年龄效应和队列效应都会对生活自理能力的衰退轨迹产生显著影响。增龄带来的生活自理能力下降使老年人临终前的失能风险及其持续时间增加,而较晚的出生队列在临终前出现长时间失能的可能性较低。在三类轨迹中,自理能力缓慢下降型轨迹受到各种因素的影响最为显著,而该类型的出现概率是影响失能老年人照料负担的主要因素,由此也证明了除去年龄效应与性别差异之外,由社会经济状况、健康行为习惯、生活环境等因素合力产生的健康保护作用将会在失能老年人照料负担增长过程中发挥主导作用。研究还发现老年女性在临终前会面临更高的失能风险和更长时间的失能存活期,其生活自理能力变化过程受到更多因素的影响。     

中国老年人口的健康状况及影响因素研究

本文以2011年北京大学全国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查数据为依托,以社会-心理-生物医学模式为理论分析框架,引入童年医疗状况和父母是否健在变量,运用Logistic回归方法对老年人的健康状况(包括健康自评状况、日常生活自理能力)及其影响因素进行分析,探索自然属性、社会经济结构特征、生活习惯、患病或损伤状况、心理状况以及童年医疗状况和父母是否健在对老年人健康状况的影响。研究发现,老年人的健康状况基本符合社会-心理-生物医学模式,童年医疗状况对其健康状况没有显著影响,母亲健在对老年人的日常生活自理能力影响显著。     

Increases in childlessness in New Zealand

New Zealand’s fertility fell below the theoretical replacement level (2.1 births per woman) for the first time in recorded history in 1978. It has hovered at or below replacement level ever since. The result, an impression of relative stability, belies changes taking place. Data from the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses show a pattern of delayed childbearing and increased childlessness. In a little over 30 years, childlessness has shifted from being almost entirely a consequence of a couple’s infecundity to being as frequently a result of a woman’s life choices. The steady rises in childlessness recorded by successive cohorts suggest that childlessness is already having a significant effect on New Zealand fertility. Patterns in characteristics of those women choosing not to start families, as well as subtle differences in these patterns between New Zealand and other developed nations, suggest that there is a significant potential for childlessness to cause a more dramatic shift in New Zealand’s total fertility rate. This analysis examines growth in childlessness in relation to marital status, country of birth, ethnicity, regional and urban differentials, religion, and educational attainment of women who were childless at the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses.

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.     

论西部开发中的城市发展问题

本文在对近20年来我国城市发展进行回顾与反思的基础上,提出了西部制定城市发展战略和选择城市发展道路的基本原则以及若干城市发展对策措施.     

Trends in life expectancy in wellbeing

Objectives: This paper describes anddiscusses trends in life expectancy inwellbeing between 1989 and 1998.Methods: Data on wellbeing by theBradburn Affect Balance Scale is obtained fromthe Netherlands Continuous Health InterviewSurveys for the calendar years from 1989 to1998. Using Sullivan's method, life expectancyin wellbeing is calculated.Results: For males at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing increases significantlyfrom 52.7 years in 1989 (90.1% of the totallife expectancy) to 54.4 years in 1998(90.8%). This increase is almost completelycaused by the increase in total lifeexpectancy. For females at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing raises significant from54.4 years in 1989 (84.1%) to 56.2 years in1998 (86.3%). This increase is almostcompletely caused by a decrease in the numberof years in a state of distress.For both males and females at the age of 65,the significant increase of life expectancy inwellbeing exceeds the increase in total lifeexpectancy and is mainly caused by the decreasein number of years in distress.Conclusion: Contrary to life expectancyin good perceived health and to disability freelife expectancy – which show a decreasing trend– the overall wellbeing of the population isincreasing. It seems that aspects in human lifethat contribute to wellbeing or quality of lifeother than physical health are gaining inimportance. This makes life expectancy inwellbeing a less appropriate instrument tomonitor changes in population health, but auseful instrument to measure population qualityof life.     

Differentials in divorce in maryland

The basic data needed for measurement of the risks of termination of the legal relationship of marriage by characteristics of the marital partners are not available at this time for the United States because the national divorce registration area includes less than half the States. Special studies based on selected census data or the records of marriages and divorces occurring in one State or community have provided much of the valuable but limited information at hand. Statistics for individual States are subject to substantial bias as a consequence of inter-State migration between time of marriage and time of divorce, but they must serve as a basic data source until national reporting has improved. A record linkage study was undertaken which tied marriages occurring in the State of Maryland in 1959 with divorces occurring in the State in the years 1959–66. Relative, not actual, divorce risks by race, age at marriage, and previous marital status were calculated for couples with at least one partner an in-State resident at the time of marriage. The dissolution rate was higher for whites than for nonwhites. Marriages contracted by persons at very youthful ages and by persons who had been married previously were found subject to greater than average risks of dissolution through divorce.     

现阶段完全母乳喂养的性别差异研究

本文使用（2001年全国计划生育／生殖健康调查》数据,分析了我国育龄妇女对新生男、女婴在完全母乳喂养时期方面的差异。该研究以被调查妇女的曾生子女为研究单位,利用多层模型（包括母亲与婴儿两层）在控制母亲的人口社会经济特征等异质性的基础上,重点分析家庭既有子女性别构成对男、女婴完全母乳喂养期的影响。研究结果表明,现阶段家庭性别偏好在一定程度上依然存在,并影响到对子女的养育。     

城市计划生育技术服务方式创新--南京市玄武区政府购买计划生育技术服务的实践

建立政府牵头、计卫联手、资源共享的计划生育技术服务体系 ,开展以知识普及、知情选择、随访服务、咨询指导、健康促进为主要内容的计划生育避孕节育和生殖保健优质服务 ,最大限度地满足社区育龄群众在计划生育和生殖保健方面的需求 ,是城市计划生育技术服务改革发展的方向1 。近几年 ,南京市玄武区计划生育局在区委、区政府的领导以及省市计生委的支持下 ,根据新时期城市计划生育工作改革发展要求 ,积极推进政府计划生育部门的职能转变 ,探索计划生育技术服务方式的改革创新 ,尝试依托社区医疗卫生和妇幼保健服务网络 ,由政府购买计划生育…     

Sex Differentials in Mortality in the Soviet Union: Regional Differences in Length of Working Life in Comparative Perspective

In this paper we take a different approach from other authors to the study of differences between the mortality of the two sexes in the USSR. First, we use measures of mortality that are not sensitive to the most common types of error in data and that reflect experience in an age range that is important from a policy perspective: the working ages. Secondly, we measure variation in mortality between regions of the USSR. Thirdly, we compare these regional mortality trends with experience in 33 developed countries. The sex differential in mortality in the USSR is an amalgam of very different regional patterns. Its size and rate of change are more extreme in the USSR than in other countries, and are mainly due to the poor and rapidly worsening mortality of men in the Russian Republic. But the widening sex differentials and increasing mortality of men in the older working ages in Soviet regions are similar to trends in many other developed countries.     

中国2000年人口普查的几个问题研究

本文首先指出,中国２０００年的人口普查,是中国人口普查所而临的首次世纪之交的人口普查,因此,是一次具有重要时代意义的人口普查。论文着重对人口普查资料的应用与发展,人口普查资料的发布,以及人口普查资料发布的规范与管理问题,进行了深入讨论。指出,人口普查资料的发布,应包括重要国情指标的发布,并强调国情指标的发布,应由国家统计局纳入统一规范与管理。     

孕产妇死亡健康公平性分析

文章利用2000～2005年全国卫生统计年报中孕产妇死亡情况有关资料,计算了以孕产妇死亡率为基础的一系列健康公平性指标,分析了2000～2005年间我国孕产妇死亡的健康公平性。研究结果从人群归因危险度百分比、集中指数、集中曲线等指标反映出在我国孕产妇死亡存在分布的不均衡。2000～2005年我国孕产妇死亡在地区间及省际的差距没有明显变化,即不公平现象6年间没有得到改善。