转型期城镇收入分配中的国家规制

本研究透过职业阶层、教育与政治资本三个重要因素,侧重分析了市场化改革过程中国家力量对劳动力市场中收入分配的影响。在国家规制影响较大的劳动力市场部门,职业阶层间收入差距较小;人力资本回报的提高受国家改革计划的影响明显。而在新生的市场经济部门,不仅阶层间收入不平等扩展迅速,而且体力劳动者的市场境遇也大大低于国有部门和集体部门。由于更多地受国家政治过程的影响,政治资本对改革后新生代劳动力的工资收益的影响呈现出随进入劳动力市场的时间而快速下降的态势。     

性别视角下的“农转非”路径及其收入回报:基于CGSS2008-2013数据的实证研究

本研究基于CGSS2008-2013数据,在时间维度下构建赫克曼二阶段选择模型和纳入交叉项的多元回归模型来考察男女两性之间“农转非”的差异化路径及变迁,及其带来的收入回报差异。在计量分析之前,本文以2008年数据为基数对收入进行了标准化处理以平衡时间跨度带来的货币购买力差异。数据结果表明,男性主要通过升学、招工等选择性方式实现“农转非”,女性则更多地通过征地、婚姻等政策性方式实现“农转非”;但改革开放之后,女性通过选择性方式实现“农转非”的比例明显上升。在收入回报层面,女性“农转非”带来的相对收入回报显著高于男性,但这一效应只存在于具有高度选择性的“农转非”群体中;此外,非农户口的收入回报效应在户籍改革得以深化发展的当下逐渐式微,并且就男性而言,这种削弱作用更明显。最后,文章基于现代化进程中社会性别角色观念转变的解释框架对计量研究结果进行了系统阐释。     

市场化改革与收入差距扩大(英文)

在市场化过程中，中国出现了收入差距不断扩大的趋势，从而社会上出现了一些将收入差距扩大的原因归结为市场化改革的错误认识。本文通过对我国改革开放以来收入分配格局变化的主要特点和导致收入差距扩大的原因加以细致实证分析，对一些模糊认识加以澄清。本文认为在个人收入差距扩大的诸多因素中，传统计划体制遗留下来的一些制度和政策，在部门利益和地方利益驱使下新形成的有悖于市场体制规则的制度和政策，政府对市场缺失和市场扭曲采取的不作为态度，对资本节制和劳动保护的不足，政府对经济的过度干预，成为导致收入差距扩大和收入分配不公的最重要因素     

社会网络作为资源流动渠道的理论建构

在我国由计划经济体制向市场经济体制转轨的过程中出现了一个引起普遍关注的现象:社会关系成为人们事实上获取稀缺资源的有效途径.就社会网络而言,微观的自我中心网络通过社会网络资本配置资源,表现为单个行动者的社会网络资本生产和投资行为.行动者占据的位置和资源获取量是匹配的,对有价值资源进行控制和使用的不同位置构成一个连续的等级体系,资源呈倒金字塔状在各阶层间分布.同时,同一阶层或相似阶层的人们拥有相似数量的资源,呈横向水平相似的状况.如此一来,整体社会网络对资源的宏观配置结果呈横向水平相似和纵向等级递减状分布.     

城市居民社会网络资源的性别差异——基于中国八城市调查数据的实证分析

本文使用＂2009年社会网络与职业经历调查＂的数据,考察社会网络资源的性别差异及其原因。研究结果显示,在城市居民中,男性比女性拥有更多更好的社会网络资源,女性的网络规模小、网络成员中亲属比例高、网络多元性较小、网络达高性低、在维持和扩展社会网络方面存在劣势。     

职业教育与普通高中教育收入回报之差异

讨论教育回报时,职业教育和普通高中教育之间所存在的实质性区别往往被学者忽略。本文使用中国家庭动态调查2010年基线调查数据来分析职业教育与普通高中教育在收入回报上的差异。结果表明,在控制教育类型的选择性因素和个人工作经验等变量的情况下,接受职业教育者比接受普通高中教育者有更多的收入回报。不过,收入回报的差异随教育世代而变化,改革开放早期接受职业教育者比接受普通高中教育者拥有较高的回报, 1990年后接受职业教育者的收入回报已没有优势。本文认为,职业教育有回报优势源自于他们在高等教育供给不足的特定历史背景下更有可能从事专业技术性工作,而职业教育回报优势的消失则是因为高校扩招所带来的职业教育文凭价值相对降低。     

预防与抑制：社会资本在婚姻——暴力中的影响机制初探

本文使用一项大规模抽样调查数据,分析了女性的社会资本对婚姻暴力的影响及其机制。研究使用网络规模、网络结构和网络资源衡量社会资本的不同方面,结果发现,网络规模和网络结构对婚姻暴力的发生具有预防作用,网络资源没有预防作用;网络结构对婚姻暴力的严重程度没有明显影响,网络规模和网络资源对婚姻暴力升级有抑制作用,但存在明显的城乡差异。本文对这些结果作了一些理论性探讨。     

工作权威层的性别差距及影响因素——监管权威的视角

本文运用“中国家庭动态跟踪调查”2009年的测试调查数据，分析了目前中国工作权威层性别差距的现状以及影响因素。结果表明：体制外工作权威层的性别差距要大于体制内；在控制人力资本变量的情况下，工作权威层的性别差距非但没有缩小反而有所提升；承担家庭责任是影响女性拥有工作权威的重要因素。     

社会网络资源在职业配置中的作用*

本文运用大规模问卷调查资料探讨了社会网络资源在职业配置中的具体作用。我们的主要研究发现是：（1）人力资本和政治资本较贫乏、经济地位较高的人更可能频繁使用社会网络资源以实现职业流动;（2）运用社会网络资源的职业流动者比不用者的求职效率低,但前者的目标收入却高于后者;（3）运用社会网络资源的职业流向是从政府部门和国有企业流向个体、集体、外资合营、外国独资、新经济部门或无主管上级的市场化的经济实体;（4）社会网络资源的运用,对劳职配置的吻合程度没有显著的影响。     

共同富裕视域下的城乡收入差距缩减再审视

城乡关系转变对我国共同富裕目标实现具有重要作用。本文强调,新征程上,我国正在扎实推进共同富裕事业,且经济发展实践已经呈现出若干新特征,这使得城乡收入差距缩减问题需要再审视。理解我国城乡收入差距程度不能仅从差距相对数出发,而应关注差距在多个维度的表现,特别是应将差距缩减的重心从相对数下降转为绝对数下降。当前我国农村居民具有人力资本、土地权益资本、生态资本、文化资本,但其资本-收入的转化程度受到制约,这是城乡收入差距形成的主要原因,理解城乡收入差距成因应从收入流量转向资本-收入转化这样的本源因素。基于此,缩减城乡收入差距的主线是依靠制度完善来扩展农民资本再配置的选择权,这样才能在城乡融合发展进程中更好地推进我国的共同富裕事业。     

A Sociological Analysis of the “Strong Central,Weak Local” Pattern of Trust in Government: Based on Three Stage Tracking Data after the Wenchuan Earthquake*

Individual and community social capital have had a significant impact on the gap between trust in higher-level governments and trust in local governments. A model including data from thirty villages gathered after the Wenchuan earthquake discovered that “the size of the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) greeting network,” “the size of the official network at/ above township level,” and “trust in fellow villagers” all had a considerable negative effect on the gap between trust in higher-level and local governments. Building individual and community social capital is conducive to establishing a balance between trust in different layers of government; individuals and communities who cooperate with each other have more channels for solving their economic and livelihood issues. Social capital can lead to a significant improvement in the effectiveness of resource matching and utilization involving governments and other sectors of society as well as increasing interaction with government. This can enhance trust in local governments and narrow the gap between trust in higher-level and local governments.     

社会分层与健康不平等的性别差异:基于生命历程的纵向分析

本研究考察在社会分层与性别分层的交互作用下,生命历程中的两个竞争性理论--“累积优势/劣势理论”和“年龄中和效应理论”,哪一个更能解释中国男性和女性所经历的健康不平等。本研究利用“中国健康与营养调查”（CHNS）追踪数据和成长曲线模型发现,性别对社会分层导致的健康不平等及其发展有独特的影响。与男性相比,女性在各个年龄阶段都处于健康劣势,这一劣势是因为女性从教育和收入所获得的健康回报比男性低。此外,女性之间因为教育和收入导致的健康不平等程度随年龄的增长而缩小,男性之间的健康不平等程度并不随年龄的增长而改变,因此,本研究不支持健康不平等的“累积优势/劣势假说”,而是在女性群体中支持“年龄中和效应理论”。     

Gender, social capital and location: understanding the interactions

In recent years, governments in many post-industrial nations have re-discovered 'community'. Social capital and neighbourhood renewal are key concepts underpinning policies aimed at building the capacities of communities to respond to the problems facing them. Despite the apparent consensus amongst Anglo-American governments about the use of social capital, and related concepts, as a guide for policy formulation these ideas remain hotly contested amongst social policy commentators. Against a general backdrop of disquiet about the application of social capital initiatives to communities facing significant social and economic challenges, some commentators highlight the curious inattention to gender in debates about social capital. This is all the more troubling given the apparent reliance of social capital initiatives on the informal network-building activities often undertaken by women. In this article we present findings from an empirical study of social capital creation across four geographically diverse communities. We show that the relationship between gender and social capital is complex. We argue that the 'one-size-fits-all' approach to social capital formulation fails to recognise gendered patterns of social capital formulation, but so, too, do analyses of gender that neglect the complex interactions between gender and other factors, particularly location, age and income. We argue for approaches to policy formulation that recognise local differences, including differences between and amongst men and women in social capital creation.     

Gender, Status, and Leadership

More than a trait of individuals, gender is an institutionalized system of social practices. The gender system is deeply entwined with social hierarchy and leadership because gender stereotypes contain status beliefs that associate greater status worthiness and competence with men than women. This review uses expectation states theory to describe how gender status beliefs create a network of constraining expectations and interpersonal reactions that is a major cause of the "glass ceiling." In mixed-sex or gender-relevant contexts, gender status beliefs shape men's and women's assertiveness, the attention and evaluation their performances receive, ability attributed to them on the basis of performance, the influence they achieve, and the likelihood that they emerge as leaders. Gender status beliefs also create legitimacy reactions that penalize assertive women leaders for violating the expected status order and reduce their ability to gain complaince with directives.     

Development Strategy,Urbanization and the Urban-Rural Income Gap in China＊

本文从政府发展战略的视角,研究中国城市化滞后、城乡收入差距持续扩大的原因。结果发现,旨在鼓励资本密集型部门优先发展的政府战略,造成城市部门就业需求的相对下降,进而延缓城市化进程,农村居民不能有效地向城市转移,城乡收入差距扩大。以技术选择指数作为政府对资本密集性部门政策倾斜程度的度量指标,利用1978-2008年中国省级面板数据,对理论假说进行了实证检验。研究还发现,中国城乡收入差距在经济发展过程中呈现出先下降、后上升的u型规律。     

Choosing fields of graduate study among Chinese and Taiwanese students

This study examines field of study patterns and their determinants among Chinese and Taiwanese students who come to the U.S. for the purpose of advancing their education. I argue that field of study choice is the result of both economic incentives as well as cultural and social values. Results suggest that funding from U.S. university sources channel Chinese and Taiwanese students into science- and technology-related fields. This study also suggests that choosing field is a gender-specific behavior that is affected by cultural and social values, as well as structural factors, such as educational policy. Despite the gender gap in choosing field of study, women from China are more likely to choose science- and technology-related fields than those from Taiwan. This may be the result of China’s central government’s claimed campaign for gender equality. Such an alleged campaign may have created perceived equality and confidence within women that encourage some women to enter male-dominated fields.     

Exploring the Gender Gap in Support for a Woman for President

The gender gap in support for a female presidential candidate gathered much media attention with Hillary Clinton as a frontrunner for the 2008 democratic presidential nomination. Two common explanations for this gap are that women have more liberal gender role and political attitudes. We contend that another important, and distinct, factor for heightened support among women is a shared social identity. We tested these three explanations across two studies. In Study 1, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that both attitudes toward women and sex independently predict a significant proportion of the variance in willingness to elect a woman for president. In Study 2, hierarchical regression analyses showed that when entered together, attitudes toward female authority and sex independently predict support, but when political attitudes was entered, only sex and political attitudes predicted support for Clinton. Finally, as expected, when primed with their gender identity, women increased their support for Clinton and men decreased their support, and women perceived her more favorably and men less so. In sum, these studies strongly support the arguments that the gender gap in support for female presidential candidates stems in part from women's more liberal gender role and political attitudes, and also from women sharing the same gender social identity as a female candidate for commander in chief .     

Postretirement earnings relative to preretirement earnings: gender and racial differences

As the social security program comes under increasing financial pressure in the coming decades, the federal government will encourage elderly people to continue to work. Data from the Social Security Administration indicate that earnings are already a sizable component of retirement income. But there is public concern about how women and minorities will fare economically in this changing policy environment. To what extent can women and minorities keep earning money after they reach retirement age? This article presents the results of a study that investigated the postretirement earnings, relative to the preretirement earnings, of women and minorities, and compared the results with those for men and whites. The major finding, based on regression analyses, was that women's postretirement earnings, relative to their preretirement earnings, were greater than those of men. Furthermore, the regression results indicate that nonwhites' postretirement earnings could not be predicted by their preretirement earnings or by any of the independent variables used in the study, including age, gender, education, marital status, number of children, occupation, and preretirement earnings.     

Cross‐National Gender Variation in Environmental Behaviors*

Objective. This article presents a cross‐national examination of gender variations in environmental behaviors. Research on environmental concern reveals modest distinctions between men and women, with women typically displaying higher levels of environmental concern and behavioral adjustments relative to men. Additionally, some prior research suggests that women appear more engaged in household‐oriented (private) pro‐environment behaviors (e.g., recycling), and men in community/society‐oriented (public) pro‐environment behaviors (e.g., protests). The analysis provided here offers an important extension to existing research through its cross‐cultural, comparative perspective. Method. We make use of the 1993 International Social Survey to explore gender differences in “private” and “public” environmentally‐oriented behaviors across 22 nations. Results. It is shown that women tend to engage in more environmental behaviors than men in many nations, particularly private behaviors. In addition, both women and men tend to engage in relatively more private environmental behaviors as opposed to public ones. Conclusion. The cross‐national analysis provides support for gender distinctions with regard to some environmental behaviors within most of the incorporated 22 national contexts. Gender differences in level of private environmental behaviors tend to be more consistent within nations at the upper end of the wealth distribution.