中东石油与我国能源安全战略及政策选择

在过去的50年里,石油一直是影响世界政治风云和经济发展的重要因素之一,现在石油安全已成为世界各国面临的共同问题．进入新世纪后,如何保障长期稳定的石油供给是我国未来经济安全必须面对的一个重大问题,也是关系我国国民经济持续快速健康发展的全局性问题。中东国家与我同是第三世界国家,有着共同的战略利益,有与我国发展石油贸易与合作的愿望。我国既拥有充足的外汇储备又是一个潜在的巨大石油消费市场,这是我国与中东产油国扩大合作的有利条件。     

坚定不移沿着中国特色社会主义道路前进为全面建成小康社会而奋斗——胡锦涛同志代表第十七届中央委员会向大会作的报告摘登

(接上期) 继续促进人类和平与发展的崇高事业 当今世界正在发生深刻复杂变化,和平与发展仍然是时代主题.世界多极化、经济全球化深入发展,文化多样化、社会信息化持续推进,科技革命孕育新突破,全球合作向多层次全方位拓展,新兴市场国家和发展中国家整体实力增强,国际力量对比朝着有利于维护世界和平方向发展,保持国际形势总体稳定具备更多有利条件. 同时,世界仍然很不安宁.国际金融危机影响深远,世界经济增长不稳定不确定因素增多,全球发展不平衡加剧,霸权主义、强权政治和新干涉主义有所上升,局部动荡频繁发生,粮食安全、能源资源安全、网络安全等全球性问题更加突出. 人类只有一个地球,各国共处一个世界.历史昭示我们,弱肉强食不是人类共存之道,穷兵黩武无法带来美好世界.要和平不要战争,要发展不要贫穷,要合作不要对抗,推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界,是各国人民共同愿望.     

从对抗到合作--1979年以来沙特与伊朗的关系

1979年伊朗进行伊斯兰革命.80年代,伊沙关系在现代伊斯兰主义的发展、朝觐、地区安全和石油等问题上出现持续紧张和对抗.1989年霍梅尼逝世和伊朗的外交政策趋向务实使伊沙关系出现转机.1991年双方恢复了外交关系.1997年伊斯兰会议组织第八次首脑会议在德黑兰召开,大大加快了两国关系的发展,双方高层频繁互访,在经济贸易、文教卫生、环境、能源、交通以及安全领域展开广泛的合作.这种合作有利于海湾安全,促进了伊斯兰世界的团结和发展,使欧佩克能发挥更为积极的作用.     

万隆会议与中埃建交

万隆会议是当时绝大多数亚非国家为摆脱帝国主义和殖民主义国家的操纵,独立自主地解决共同关心的重大问题而召开的一次会议,主旨是增进亚非的团结和合作,反帝反殖,争取和维护民族独立,保卫世界和平.会议一年后,中埃正式建交,埃及由此成为非洲和阿拉伯国家中第一个与新中国建交的国家.从此,我国同埃及开始进行频繁的经贸和文化往来,并逐渐扩大至周边国家,使我国与其他中东国家的关系出现很大发展,迅速扩大我国的国际影响.     

美国独霸中东石油的制约因素

中东石油已成为世界经济和国际政治互动关系中的一个重要因素.确保中东石油利益是美国历届政府对外战略的重要目标之一.美国的中东石油战略实质上是一种霸权战略.然而,美国竭力绝对控制中东石油的霸权意图面临着一系列困境:中东等地人民反对石油霸权的斗争不会停息;世界其他大国和地区力量对美国中东石油霸权形成重大制约;美国在中东地区软实力的日渐衰落会削弱其控制中东石油的能力;美国中东战略目标或政策顾此失彼,无法兼容.这表明,美国在中东构建绝对石油安全的战略意图将是一个无法实现的梦想.     

也门石油

也门是世界上最贫穷的国家之一,为了发展国民经济,1990年南北也门统一后,政府从1995年开始实施经济改革,不断改善投资环境,吸引外资,同时努力加大对石油的勘探与开发力度,逐步使也门从一个长期贫油的国家发展成为中东地区新兴产油国.近年来,石油已成为也门经济的支柱产业.1999年石油产值约占国民经济总产值的70%,石油出口占总出口量的95.8%,我国已连续多年成为也门石油的最大进口国.     

校企合作,共赢发展

校企合作、走进企业是校企合作共同培养适合企业需求的人才,缩短学校与企业距离的一种办学模式.在新形势下,校企合作共同培养人才是职业院校教学改革的重要组成部分.校企双方只有建立机制,密切合作,才能共赢发展.本文就校企合作、共赢发展的问题进行探讨.     

人类命运共同体促进中非合作

命运共同体为世界提供了中国智慧,为人类社会进步提供了新的解决方案。这一理念在政治、社会和文化上包容所有社会,最终目标是建设一个不仅开放和包容,而且享有持久和平、普遍安全和共同繁荣的世界。人类命运共同体符合中非人民共同的愿望和外交政策的基本目标,中非合作关系的进一步升温有利于提升发展中国家的国际地位和世界和平合作力量的壮大。     

试论青少年合作机会的缺失与补偿

互利双赢是当代国际政治和经济运作的一个基本理念,而合作是实现互利双赢的最基本方式.但令人遗憾的是我国青少年一代缺乏足够的合作意识和能力.这种缺陷正在成为影响青少年个人发展和国家整体竞争力增强的一种隐性杀手.要解决这个问题就必须让越来越多的人了解合作的意义,必须让家庭、学校和社会共同参与,形成教育的合力.     

中国的能源需求与阿拉伯石油

目前中国已被阿拉伯石油输出国组织(OAPEC)看成是未来最大的石油市场之一.由于我国改革开放的不断深入,国民经济持续高速增长,石油生产和消费的缺口不断扩大.因此,我国的石油进口可望迅速增长.由于历史原因、传统友谊以及地缘政治等因素,OAPEC成员国很愿意同我国进行能源方面的经济合作,为此,正在重新拟订、完善它们的石油发展计划,以便在未来对中国的石油需求做出响应.     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.