基于系统工程视角下的我国高校体育俱乐部研究

高校体育俱乐部主要有五种模式：教学型体育俱乐部、学校与社会联办体育俱乐部、学校管理下的学生组织的单项体育俱乐部、高校竞技运动俱乐部和个体自发组织的体育俱乐部。高校体育俱乐部作为一个系统工程,五个组成部分本应发挥其整体性作用,但该系统工程存在缺乏统筹规划、相互之间支撑不够、资金匮乏、俱乐部定位不准确、部分俱乐部缺乏专业指导等问题。为此,建议高校采取统筹安排、科学运营、资源合理配置、俱乐部间相互配合、优势互补等措施。     

Extracurricular activities and teens’ alcohol use: The role of religious and secular sponsorship

Much research has found that more religious youth are less likely to engage in riskier health-related behaviors. However, very little research has examined the role that religion may play in shaping the health-related behaviors of secular youth. There is reason to think that more and less religious youth may gain some health-related benefits from involvement with religious organizations through activities such as basketball and volunteering. Using two waves of data from the National Study of Youth and Religion, this study finds that involvement in religion-supported secular activities is associated with less alcohol use for all involved teens. The number of friends who belong to a religious youth group, in part, explains the relationship. Conversely, network overlap between parents and teens, the number of friends who drink or use drugs, and having an adult confidant from a religious group are not mechanisms that mediate the relationship.     

Thinkers and feelers: Emotion and giving

Voluntary organizations, such as religious congregations, ask their members to contribute money as a part of membership and rely on these contributions for their survival. Yet often only a small cadre of members provides the majority of the contributions. Past research on congregational giving focuses on cognitive rational processes, generally neglecting the role of emotion. Extending Collins’ (2004) interaction ritual theory, I predict that individuals who experience positive emotions during religious services will be more likely to give a higher proportion of their income to their congregation than those who do not. Moreover, I argue that this effect will be amplified in congregational contexts characterized by high aggregate levels of positive emotion, strictness, dense congregational networks, and expressive rituals. Using data from the 2001 U.S. Congregational Life Survey and multilevel modeling, I find support for several of these hypotheses. The findings suggest that both cognitive and emotional processes underlie congregational giving.     

参加学生社团和组织对提升大学生综合素质的作用——以怀化学院为例

参加学生社团和组织是提升大学生综合素质的有效途径。以大学生就读经验问卷为工具,分析对参加学生社团和组织持不同态度学生的综合素质差异,归纳学生社团和组织在提升大学生综合素质的意义,提出高校进一步发挥学生社团和组织促进大学生综合素质发展的建议和措施。     

Like strangers we trust: Identity and generic affiliation networks

Sociological research on collective behavior provides strong evidence for the sources of collective action and shared attitudes based on overlapping experience. We know, for example, that members of social movement organizations are likely to share similar beliefs. However, a significant portion of the prior research on shared behaviors or attitudes analyzes individuals who do not know one another. This research using large surveys often infers overlapping experience based on generic connections: People in unions generally or church groups generally are likely to hold similar beliefs or engage in similar behaviors as if they were in the same unions or church groups. In this paper, I challenge this simple inference by arguing that the generic affiliations we hold contribute to our identity. Specifically, our identities can, in part, be seen as a network of overlapping roles based on generic affiliations. Findings indicate the importance of considering generic affiliation networks when modeling trust and political partisanship. Individuals who share multiple affiliations often appear to be similar to one another along a number of socio-demographic dimensions and report similar attitudes. Conclusions highlight the promise and challenge of relational approaches to social life.     

青少年性行为"滞后释放"现象的实证解释

青春期中的青少年是处于心理冲突中还是可以平稳度过,一直是心理学和社会学讨论的焦点。“推拉理论”揭示了青春期中青少年性行为何以发生,又何以约束的本质。通过15年来对大城市青少年的性意识和性行为变化的跟踪发现:(1)“环境变量”是健康的,性教育开展本身将有利于绝大多数青少年安稳地度过青春期,而不是相反。(2)城市青少年性行为“滞后释放”现象。即一方面对青少年 (中学生)性行为存在“高估”偏向,另一方面却对大学生性行为存在“低估”倾向。     

Exposure to violence,substance use,and neighborhood context

Adolescent exposure to violence and substance use are both public health problems, but how neighborhood context contributes to these outcomes is unclear. This study uses prospective data from 1416 adolescents to examine the direct and interacting influences of victimization and neighborhood factors on adolescent substance use. Based on hierarchical Bernoulli regression models that controlled for prior substance use and multiple individual-level factors, exposure to violence significantly increased the likelihood of marijuana use but not alcohol use or binge drinking. There was little evidence that community norms regarding adolescent substance use influenced rates of substance use or moderated the impact of victimization. Community disadvantage did not directly impact substance use, but the relationship between victimization and marijuana use was stronger for those in neighborhoods with greater disadvantage. The results suggest that victimization is particularly likely to affect adolescents’ marijuana use, and that this relationship may be contingent upon neighborhood economic conditions.     

Immigrant generation, selective acculturation, and alcohol use among Latina/o adolescents

Do alcohol use and binge drinking among Latina/o adolescents increase in the second and third generation? This study explores generational differences in alcohol use behaviors for three Latina/o ethnic groups. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health on 1504 Latina/o adolescents in secondary school, we found that the factors associated with alcohol use behaviors differed across the Latina/o groups. For Mexican and Cuban adolescents, but not Puerto Ricans, immigrant generation was associated with alcohol use. For Mexican, but not Cuban adolescents, acculturation mediated the effect of immigrant generation on alcohol use behaviors. Although generally social capital and a co-ethnic presence were protective factors against alcohol use behaviors, we found that some forms of social capital were actually risk factors for Cubans and Puerto Ricans. Our results provide support for segmented-assimilation theory.     

1894-1914年俄国酒销售垄断政策目的与结果为何相悖(上)

从古至今酗酒问题一直困扰着俄国。国家垄断酒销售既是政府增加财政收入的举措,也是治理民众酗酒问题的手段。1894—1914年俄国实施了酒销售垄断政策,初衷是增加国家岁入,同时引导民众文明饮酒和减少酗酒,然而,减少民众酒消费和增加国库收入存在根本矛盾,二者很难兼顾,因此面临取舍的难题。而在俄国政府看来,国库利益永远高于戒酒利益,当国家财政紧张时就更是如此。这是酗酒问题难以根除的客观原因,民众的饮酒方式和习俗则是主观原因,俄国各阶层民众都有饮酒习惯。围绕对酒垄断的原则与目的、酒销售垄断的财政结果、影响烈性酒消费收入增加的若干因素、酒销售垄断与酒消费、民众饮酒方式和习俗的探讨,可以理解酒垄断时期俄国政府的两难处境与未能缓解民众酗酒的原因。     

Underage drinking, alcohol sales and collective efficacy: Informal control and opportunity in the study of alcohol use

Underage drinking among American youth is a growing public concern. However, while extensive research has identified individual level predictors of this phenomenon, few studies have theorized and tested the effect of structural social forces on children’s and youths’ alcohol consumption. In an attempt to address this gap, we study the effects of residential environments on children’s and youths’ underage drinking (while accounting for personality and familial processes). Integrating informal social control and opportunity explanations of deviance, we first suggest that while neighborhood collective efficacy prevents adolescents’ underage drinking, individuals’ access to local alcohol retail shops encourages such behavior. Focusing on the interactive effects of communal opportunities and controls, we then suggest that high presence of alcohol outlets and sales in the neighborhood is likely to increase youths’ probability of alcohol consumption in the absence of communal mechanisms of informal social control. We test our theoretical model using the unprecedented data design available in the PHDCN. Results from a series of multilevel logit models with robust standard errors reveal partial support for our hypotheses; specifically, we find that alcohol sales in a given neighborhood increase adolescents’ alcohol use. In addition, while the direct effect of collective efficacy is insignificantly related to children’s and youths’ alcohol consumption, our models suggest that it significantly attenuates the effect of local alcohol retailers and sales on underage drinking.     

健全党员能进能出机制问题研究

中国共产党的党员能进能出机制,是党在领导中国革命、建设和改革开放的历程中形成和建立起来的,是我们党健康发展的重要条件。《中国共产党发展党员工作细则》更是首次提出慎重均衡发展中共党员。但目前,一些地方的做法与当前党员队伍建设面临的新形势、新情况还存在不相适应的地方,仍然存在党员入口把关不严、党员教育流于形式、党员监督管理虚化弱化、不合格党员处置相对偏软等问题。为此,我们应当从严把入口、强化监管、畅通出口等方面着手,健全党员队伍的进出口机制,保持党的先进性和纯洁性,增强党组织的战斗力。     

论南宋江湖词派的词社

词社是文人雅集的场所。南宋江湖词派初期的词社以词人同气相求、拈叶分题为特征,虽然有时也讨论词法,但在创作风格上是随心所欲的,看不出其间有交融互补的迹象;中期的词社具有公认的领袖和典范,在共同的标准下使不同风格的词人趋于一致;后期的词社经历了宋元之际的时世剧变,险恶的生存环境使词人应社咏物更为频繁,词选的编纂、词法的授受都是在词社中完成的。应社内容丰富多彩,使江湖词派成为一个典型的词学流派。     

Protective factors against juvenile delinquency: Exploring gender with a nationally representative sample of youth

Youth's social bonds' with conventional social institutions (e.g., family and school) and parental management of youth's leisure time represent two dimensions of suppressants against juvenile delinquency. Using Multivariate regression, this paper assesses these two dimensions of factors simultaneously on youth's aggressive and non-aggressive delinquency, and examines if their effects are gender sensitive. Findings suggest that girls have significantly lower involvement in both aggressive and non-aggressive delinquency than boys. However, girls are disproportionately involved in non-aggressive delinquency. Parental monitoring protects boys and girls distinctively on aggressive delinquency; this factor has a more pronounced inhibitory effect on girls' aggressive behavior. This study elucidates that there is a gendered pattern in adolescent delinquency, and that gender moderates the effect of some protective factor.     

Producing adulthood: Adolescent employment, fertility, and the life course

Adolescent employment is typically framed as having either positive or negative effects. Yet cutting edge research yields apparently contradictory results; work lowers delinquency but also increases school dropout. Both opportunity cost and life course development theories could explain these results. This study investigates effects of employment on fertility among adolescent women, which pits life course development against opportunity cost theory. Using 2006 and 2007 American Community Surveys, individual instrumental variable and state-level difference-in-difference models (following the same cohort over time) control for self-selection and find a positive effect of employment on adolescent fertility. National Vital Statistics birth data confirm state-level results. Results for fertility (and some evidence for other early transitions) indicate that youth employment speeds the transition to adulthood, supporting life course theory. Findings suggest adolescent employment should be reconceived as promoting adult rather than positive or negative behavior.     

西藏中学生生活压力与问题行为的关系

采用《青少年行为问卷》和《生活压力问卷》对西藏630名中学生进行了调查,探讨西藏中学生生活压力对问题行为的影响。结果表明：西藏中学生生活压力对问题行为具有显著的影响。问题行为受生活压力各维度的影响,影响大小依次是：学业压力、自我认同与期许、异性关系发展、同伴人际关系。     

城市职业女性休闲健身现状研究

对城市职业女性休闲健身情况进行调研,结果表明:当前职业女性对休闲健身价值的认同度较高,但参与度较低;休闲健身项目较多选择传统项目,较少考虑时尚项目;休闲健身组织形式偏重与家人、朋友一起,较少选择俱乐部的群体健身;休闲健身场地更多选择免费的小区,收费场所少有光顾;健康健身知识的获得更多的选择媒体,学校健康教育不再是其获得健康健身知识的主要渠道;要激发和促进职业女性积极主动的参与休闲健身活动,必须在项目选择的多样性、功能的针对性、参与活动的舒适性和娱乐性等提高职业女性参与休闲健身的满意度。     

家长学校在未成年人犯罪防范网络中的地位

家庭教育、学校教育、社会教育,是预防未成年人犯罪的三道防线,构建家庭、学校、社会三位一体的未成年人犯罪防范网络,在当今日益严峻的未成年人犯罪形势下已变得非常急迫。而我国各种教育,特别是家庭教育在未成年人成长中的缺位,更是昭示了建立家长学校,发挥其作用的必要性。当前,我们应按照依法治教的要求,明晰家长学校的性质和任务,凭借家长学校平台,全面提升家长素质,调动全社会力量,共同撑起防护网,为预防未成年人犯罪筑起一道全方位屏障,从而夯实未成年人犯罪防范基础,找准切入点,实现联动和综治。     

School suspension and social selection: Labeling,network change,and adolescent,academic achievement

The growing body of research detailing the pronounced effects of criminal stigma on inequality in the US underscores the importance of labeling theory. In spite of the renewed interest in labeling, little research has evaluated the theoretical mechanisms underlying the theory. Drawing on the labeling perspective, this article evaluates mechanisms underlying the relationship between school punishment and reductions in adolescent academic achievement. It uses recent innovations in longitudinal network analysis to examine the consequences of school punishment as a dynamic interplay of labeling, network selection, and group influence. Results indicate that school punishment facilitates selection into academically underperforming peer networks and that this change in network composition is largely responsible for the association between school punishment and reductions in adolescent academic achievement.     

Imagining class: A study into material social class position,subjective identification,and voting behavior across Europe

The traditional approach to class voting has largely ignored the question whether material class positions coincide with subjective class identification. Following Sosnaud et al. (2013), this study evaluates party preferences when Europeans’ material and subjective social class do not coincide. Seminal studies on voting behavior have suggested that members of lower classes are more likely to vote for the economic left and cultural right and that higher classes demonstrate the opposite pattern. Yet, these studies have on the one hand overlooked the possibility that there is a mismatch between the material class people can be classified in and the class they think they are part of, and on the other hand the consequences of this discordant class identification on voting behavior. Analyzing the 2009 wave of the European Elections Study, we find that the majority of the Europeans discordantly identify with the middle class, whereas only a minority of the lower and higher classes concordantly identify with their material social class. Further, material class only seems to predict economic voting behavior when it coincides with subjective class; for instance, individuals who have an inflated class identification are more likely to vote for the economic left, even when they materially can be classified as middle or high class. We conclude this paper with a discussion on scholarly debates concerning class and politics.     

社会组织商业贿赂行为的特点、原因及其控制——以越轨社会学理论为分析视角

以商业行贿行为为主要表现形态的社会组织商业贿赂行为,是现代商业社会中最典型的越轨行为。其相对于一般自然人实施的商业贿赂行为,具有行为主体的组织性、行为意志的整体性、行为实施的双重性、行为利益的组织独占性、行为范围的限定性等特点。社会组织实施商业贿赂行为,与其理性选择有关,并深受商业场域及商业规则的影响,是社会交换的一种结果表现形态。对社会组织的商业贿赂行为,应通过建构相应的社会控制主体系统、法律系统、手段系统进行社会控制,以使其通过合法行为进行商事交易,成为其理性选择的结果。