Partisan strength,political trust and generalized trust in the United States: An analysis of the General Social Survey, 1972–2014

The literature on political parties suggests that strong partisan identities are associated with citizens’ effective interaction with the political system, and with higher levels of political trust. Traditionally, party identity therefore is seen as a mechanism that allows for political integration. Simultaneously, however, political parties have gained recent attention for their role in promoting societal polarization by reinforcing competing and even antagonistic group identities. This article uses General Social Survey data from 1972 – 2014 to investigate the relationship between partisan strength and both political and generalized trust. The findings show that increases in partisan strength are positively related to political trust, but negatively related to generalized trust. This suggests that while partisan strength is indeed an important linkage mechanism for the political system, it is also associated with a tendency toward social polarization, and this corrosive effect thus far has not gained sufficient attention in literature on party identity.     

From the general to the specific: How social trust motivates relational trust

When people form beliefs about the trustworthiness of others with respect to particular matters (i.e., when individuals trust), theory suggests that they rely on preexistent cognitive schemas regarding the general cooperativeness of individuals and organizations (i.e., social trust). In spite of prior work, the impact of social trust on relational trust—or what Russell Hardin (2002) calls trust as a three-part relation where actor A trusts actor B with reference to matter Y—is not well established. Four vignette experiments were administered to Amazon.com Mechanical Turk workers (N = 1388 and N = 1419) and to public university undergraduate students (N = 995 and N = 956) in order to investigate the relationship between social trust and relational trust. Measures of general social trust and particular social trust produced statistically equivalent effects that were positively associated with relational trust. Political trust, however, was statistically unrelated to relational trust. These results support the idea that people rely on schemas and stereotypes concerned with the general cooperativeness and helpfulness of others when forming beliefs about another person's trustworthiness with respect to a particular matter at hand.     

德法并举:政治哲学层面的释义

道德、法律均可为维持社会秩序的手段。考察历史上存在过或正在运行的政治模式 ,它们要么推崇道德 ,要么倚重法律 ,往往忽视二者的有机融合。从政治哲学层面探讨道德、法律二者的逻辑关联 ,法律实际内蕴对道德的追求 ,而道德则呼唤制度化的规定 ,因此二者不可偏废 ,应在现实中共进。     

Like strangers we trust: Identity and generic affiliation networks

Sociological research on collective behavior provides strong evidence for the sources of collective action and shared attitudes based on overlapping experience. We know, for example, that members of social movement organizations are likely to share similar beliefs. However, a significant portion of the prior research on shared behaviors or attitudes analyzes individuals who do not know one another. This research using large surveys often infers overlapping experience based on generic connections: People in unions generally or church groups generally are likely to hold similar beliefs or engage in similar behaviors as if they were in the same unions or church groups. In this paper, I challenge this simple inference by arguing that the generic affiliations we hold contribute to our identity. Specifically, our identities can, in part, be seen as a network of overlapping roles based on generic affiliations. Findings indicate the importance of considering generic affiliation networks when modeling trust and political partisanship. Individuals who share multiple affiliations often appear to be similar to one another along a number of socio-demographic dimensions and report similar attitudes. Conclusions highlight the promise and challenge of relational approaches to social life.     

艾滋病谣言的社会渊源:道德恐慌与信任危机

2001—2005年间,中国几个大城市都流传过艾滋针刺的谣言,造成一定的社会恐慌,这一恐慌带有明显的“集体道德恐慌”色彩,部分新闻媒体持有所谓艾滋病患者一定会报复社会的观点,在公共舆论中营造了一种敌视艾滋病感染者的声音,这是形成公众轻率相信艾滋针刺谣言的关键因素之一。这些谣言所导致恐慌的社会渊源也可以追溯到文革之后中国进入转型社会之际特有的人际信任不稳定状态,即“信任危机”。     

试论作者的精神权利

著作精神权利是作者基于作品依法享有的以人身利益为内容的权利 ,大多数国家的立法对此项权利都给予了保护 ,但与其相关的诸多问题却一直存在争议。本文拟从著作精神权利的基本内容着手 ,对它的主体和转让问题进行探讨。     

光偏振现象的研究

叙述一个关于光的偏振的实验,介绍主要的实验原理、实验仪器以及实验的基本步骤,其中着重讨论如何通过偏振片和1/4波片对不同偏振态的光进行鉴别;以及对1/4波片和对1/2波片的作用进行分析及验证,最后对实验结果进行了分析.     

张载与王夫之的道德心理哲学

就当代学者来说,如何从经验考察来验证人是否有先天或普遍的道德情感会是很有启发的道德心理学议题。从道德心理哲学的角度重新解析张载以及王夫之的道德理论。探讨他们对道德的可能性,善的根源的解释,以及他们对恶如何产生,如何对付的主张,我们会发现,张载比较强调理性的重要性,而王夫之则从道德情感出发。两种理论的比较可以作为我们进一步思考的出发点。     

Radius of trust: Gradient-based conceptualization and measurement

The radius of trust – the width of one's cooperation circle – has been widely cited by scholars from various disciplines as a key factor in the production and maintenance of public good. However, the vagueness in its conceptualization, measurement, and analysis obstructs efficient communication between empirical works, impeding the accumulation of scientific knowledge. This study develops a conceptualization of trust radius as the gradient in the level of trust in specific individuals across social ties of differing strengths. Along with this conceptualization, a new measurement scheme is constructed, which, relative to previous measures, is empirically easy-to-implement and theoretically valid in displaying individual-level variations in trust radius, highlighting trust radius' distinction from generalized trust and affinity with specific trust, and accommodating the differing tie strengths within one's trust network. Finally, this measurement scheme is well integrated in a multilevel modeling framework to study the determinants of trust radius, which is illustrated by two examples.     

我国道德生活领域“知行分裂”现象解读

目前我国的道德建设仍然处于困境.处于困境的突出表现在于道德生活的知行分裂,即人们对伦理规范的认知与道德践履相互脱节、社会所倡导的伦理规范不能很好地指导人们的道德行为.要实现知行统一、走出道德建设困境,必须弄清知行分裂盛行的深层次原因,从而找到有效的对症之策.     

加入世贸组织后的中国道德教育选择

中国加入世贸组织 ,使道德教育面临新的环境。既有有利因素 ,也有消极因素 ;既有机遇 ,也有挑战。要以“三个代表”重要思想为指导 ,推进德育创新 ;构筑新型的德育模式 ,增强德育的有效性 ;充分利用网络技术 ,丰富德育载体 ,改进德育形式 ;大力培养德智结合的高科技人才 ;加强国际交流 ,借鉴国外道德教育的经验 ;加强对一些重要道德意识的培养     

论《春香传》中的理想人格

《春香传》中提出了理想人格的标准、塑造理想人格的方法以及理想人格的爱情观等内容 ,不仅在研究朝鲜民族伦理思想领域有着借鉴价值 ,而且也具有一定的伦理教育价值     

论现代性自我的道德困境及其超越

现代性道德与现代性自我相伴而生,现代性自我是道德与现代性分离的根源,也是走出现代道德困境的关键。现代性自我生成的历史维度敞开了现代道德困境的深层根源及其现象学展现。面对困境,现代、后现代道德哲学及社群主义提出了各自的方案,为我们提供了基本的思路：从现代道德困境的＂自我＂根源出发,辨证地处理自我与他者、个体与社会的关系以及情与理、工具理性与价值理性的关系,是超越困境的关键所在。     

从合法性资源看党的执政道德建设

作者认为,道德是合法性基础中的一个重要的精神性因素。道德优势是中国共产党执政以来十分重视的合法性资源,在新的历史条件下,从合法性资源的构成、我党所处的历史方位对合法性资源影响以及党执政方式转变对合法性资源要求等情况看,都迫切要求我党重视道德优势的继承和发扬。     

基于信托方式的曲线MBO模式再设计

管理层收购作为国企产权制度改革的一种途径,在我国的实施过程中面临一些问题与障碍。通过对基于信托方式的曲线MBO模式的再设计,引入员工持股计划、公开竞价机制、战略投资者以及风险共担机制,重视对MBO完成后目标公司的整合,以期达到规范曲线MBO实施过程、完善公司治理结构的目的。     

Economic recession and the nature and pace of social change in Japan

Previous research has found a link between economic development and post-materialist and libertarian values. This research examines social change in values in Japan from the mid-1970s to the beginning of the 21st century. Using Japanese survey data, we investigate the nature and pace of social change during the economic crisis of the early 1990s, as well as in the periods before and after the burst of the bubble economy. We find that social change stalled during the economic crisis and resumed again in the late 1990s, but at a much lower level than in the late 1980s. We argue that economic period effects are largely responsible for the slowdown in social change in values in Japan at the end of the 20th century.     

“第三条道路”价值观的理论来源探析

"第三条道路"的价值观,是西方社会民主主义价值观念的现代转型,它以标榜超越传统"左"右"之争为基本价值取向,以自由、公正、团结为基本价值观念,是一个开放的价值观念体系。"第三条道路"的价值观,作为资本主义意识形态在全球化背景下的价值体现,具有比较复杂的理论来源,但基本的来源主要有五个方面:古典自由主义是其理论源头;马克思主义是其理论来源之一;传统社会民主主义价值观是其直接来源之一;新自由主义价值观则是其又一直接来源;宗教因素对其产生了复杂而深层次的影响。只有认清"第三条道路"的理论来源,才能更好地认清它的本质。     

《思想道德修养》课教学面临的挑战及对策

随着形势的发展,大学生面临的社会环境不断发生着变化,大学生关注的热点问题以及他们对<思想道德修养>课教学的要求也随之发生了变化,这对<思想道德修养>课教学提出了挑战.作为教育者,必须意识到面临的挑战,采取积极有效的应对策略.     

从道德哲学看责任和公民责任教育

责任即某一角色需要做好的份内的事情。实现人的社会化,需要培养和增强其道德责任感,解决现实的社会问题要求强化责任意识,促进社会发展和进步理当重视责任教育。在新的历史条件下,开展责任教育,应坚持以主体发展性德育观为指导、坚持为公民提供选择并参与活动的机会、坚持责任教育的层次性和渐进性。同时,应有意识地开发和利用公民自身的主体价值,彰显公民的主动精神,让公民在民主参与中生成负责态度、在督导强化中形成负责精神、在情感体验中养成负责行为习惯。     

论道德评价标准和尺度的合理性

道德评价标准不同,对行为和行为主体的评价及结论就不同。一般而言,道德评价标准有一般标准、具体标准和终极标准,它们与阶级标准及历史标准既有联系又有区别。在选择道德评价标准时,我们应该遵循主体性原则、科学化原则和普遍化原则;在道德评价尺度上,力争做到合规律性、合规范性以及合人性。