入职期望与员工离职的关系——期望落差假设在中国情境下的验证

本研究在回顾期望落差假设分歧并分析其原因的基础上,以"新员工入职期望问卷"为测量工具,以我国某大型股份制企业2005年招聘的336名新员工为研究对象,采取纵向研究设计,在新员工进入企业半年内四次测量入职期望,并在第二年底收集员工主动离职信息,运用生存分析方法,研究两者关系。结果表明:(1)员工近期经历对主动离职有显著预测作用,入职期望及组织进入早期的经历对主动离职的预测作用不显著,没有支持期望落差假设;(2)团队期望在团队经历与主动离职的关系中起调节作用。由本研究引发的测量时间、竞争风险模型等问题值得进一步研究。     

企业新员工工作期望与组织社会化早期的适应:领导—部属交换的调节作用

工作期望是影响新员工组织社会化的重要心理变量。以往相关研究主要集中在期望落差领域,但是期望落差假设的有效性至今仍存在分歧。本研究基于组织社会化理论,采用纵向问卷调查方法,研究了社会化早期(即新员工组织进入后三个月)新员工工作期望与近端适应结果(即角色清晰、任务掌握、组织理解和社会整合)的关系,重点探讨了领导—部属交换(LMX)对期望落差作用的调节效应,以期回答期望落差假设成立条件的问题。结果表明:①在同时考虑期望和经历的情况下,仅新员工实际工作经历与适应结果正相关,期望落差对适应的影响不显著。②LMX调节期望落差与适应的关系——当LMX关系质量低时,期望未实现对适应有破坏作用,与期望落差假设一致;而高质量的LMX会抵消期望未实现对适应的破坏作用。③不同维度LMX的调节作用模式存在差异——贡献维度调节工作责任期望落差与角色清晰的关系,尊敬和情感维度调节工作回报期望落差与组织理解的关系。     

企业新员工的期望管理

员工期望是指员工通过对自身掌握的信息和从外部获得的信息进行综合分析、评估的基础上,在内心中形成的对企业提供给自己的"产品"(工资、薪酬和福利等)的基本需要,并据此对企业的行为形成期望。员工期望是构成心理契约的一个重要因素,期望可以产生自组织代表和代理人做出的承诺,也可以产生于对组织文化和标准操作实践的感知以及关于组织如何运作的理想化观念。新员工入职初期往往伴随着非现实的期望,并且由于在入职初期对组织要素的错误归因而产生无法满足的期望,期望的背离会造成新员工心理或生理上的紧张和焦虑等情绪,这种现象也被称为现实冲击。     

团队成员交换、社会因素策略与新员工社会化

团队工作方式在组织中日益普遍,团队成员成为影响新员工社会化的重要因素。探讨团队成员交换对新员工社会化结果的影响及其作用机制,尤其是社会因素策略这一组织社会化策略在其中的中介作用,选取201个入职时间在一年半以内的销售人员为调查样本,运用结构方程模型路径分析方法对研究模型进行检验。研究结果表明,团队成员交换对新员工社会化结果产生显著影响;新员工感知的社会因素策略在团队成员交换与任务掌握、角色清晰、工作满意度之间起部分中介作用,在团队成员交换与离职倾向之间起完全中介作用。这表明高质量的团队成员交换关系可以促进新员工感知更多来自组织的正向社会支持以及组织内部人的角色模范作用,最终帮助他们成功社会化。     

内部营销对创业型企业员工留任意愿的影响研究:组织社会化程度的中介效应

高离职率一直困扰着创业型企业的管理者。以往有关离职问题的研究多聚焦在离职时,个体、组织以及组织外因素的影响方面。创业型企业员工的离职与入职是并存的。以组织社会化程度为中介变量,探讨内部营销与创业型企业员工留任意愿的关系,具有理论的创新性和现实的紧迫性。本研究以比例分层抽样法进行抽样,回收有效问卷744份。研究结果发现:内部营销中的培训发展、奖赏制度、内部沟通对留任意愿均有显著正向关系,其中培训发展有极显著正向影响;内部营销对组织社会化程度有显著正向影响;在内部营销对留任意愿的影响中,组织社会化程度有部分中介效果,另外,通过方差分析得出了部分人口统计学变量、个体特质因素和外部情景因素对主研究变量有一定影响。     

浅谈企业新员工入职培训

新员工培训,是员工进入企业后接触到企业人力资源管理的第一个环节。它又被称为入职培训,是企业将聘用的员工从社会人转变成为企业人的过程,同时也是员工从组织外部融入到组织或团队内部,并成为团队一员的过程。员工通过逐渐熟悉、适应组织环境和文化,明确自身角色定位,规划职业生涯发展,不断发挥自己的才能,从而推动企业的发展。本文就关于新员工的的入职培训进行了讨论,仅供参考。     

团队真实型领导、新员工反馈寻求行为与社会化结果

领导掌控着组织的资源,其态度和行为对新员工能否顺利社会化起关键作用。基于真实型领导和员工反馈寻求社会化理论,探讨团队真实型领导、反馈导向对新员工反馈寻求行为和社会化结果的影响。纵向选取53个团队中304个入职9个月内的新员工为调查样本,运用多层回归和结构方程模型进行验证。研究结果表明,团队真实型领导和反馈导向正向影响新员工反馈寻求行为,团队真实型领导显著正向调节反馈导向与新员工反馈寻求行为之间的关系;在高团队真实型领导水平下,高反馈导向的新员工表现出更频繁的反馈寻求行为;团队真实型领导与反馈导向的交互作用通过新员工反馈寻求行为对角色清晰度、社会融入度和工作满意度3个社会化结果起间接积极作用,表明团队真实型领导可以促进新员工有更多的反馈寻求行为,进而帮助他们成功社会化。     

降低大学生新员工流失率的企业招聘及入职管理对策

企业大学生新员工的高流失率给企业和大学毕业生带来了不同程度的负面影响。招聘是大学生新员工流入企业的关口;入职管理是企业留住人才的第一步,从职前实习、校园招聘、入职管理三个环节入手,提高企业人力资源管理水平,降低大学生新员工的流失率,具有一定的现实意义。     

新员工社会化管理的过程优化分析

组织社会化理论是近年来组织行为学领域中一项重要的研究课题,主要是基于管理实践中企业常常面临以下困惑:新员工由于对组织不适应而导致员工低组织承诺、低工作绩效和高离职率等问题。本文在对组织社会化含义阐释的基础上,进一步从新员工组织社会化管理的过程进行分析,做好新员工的选聘工作、新员工的培训工作、新员工职业生涯规划工作,使新员工尽快的融入企业,以降低离职率。     

有效员工社会化的影响因素实证研究

通过对477名进入企业组织一年半的新员工的实证研究,探讨了与有效员工社会化相关的影响因素;选取有效员工社会化的两个测量层面,即员工社会化程度和员工敬业度,二者呈显著性相关.结果显示,中国企业组织的员工社会化程度是比较有效的,依次是任务社会化、团队社会化和组织社会化;员工的自我效能与员工社会化程度、员工敬业度均呈显著性相关,对于有效的员工社会化起着重要作用;心理契约的预期、执行和违背情况都在不同程度的影响着员工社会化程度和员工敬业度.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.