基于核心能力理论的企业动态危机管理系统的设计

本文从核心能力的角度设计了企业动态危机管理系统,它是以加强和重塑企业核心能力为目标,以企业的危机意识为研究起点,通过分析危机产生的原因和过程,研究企业预防、应对、解决危机的手段和策略的动态循环系统.该动态系统由危机识别、危机预警、核心能力重塑和危机处理四个子系统组成.     

社会资本、组织学习对物流服务企业动态能力的影响研究

社会资本和组织学习是动态能力的重要影响因素,而动态能力作为适应环境变化的能力是物流服务企业创造竞争优势的基础,但学术界尚未对社会资本、组织学习和动态能力之间的相互影响路径和作用机理进行实证分析。本文以中部地区274家物流服务企业为研究对象,考察了社会资本、组织学习和物流服务企业动态能力之间的逻辑关系。研究发现:组织学习对物流服务企业动态能力具有直接的影响作用,而社会资本则需要通过组织学习作用物流服务企业动态能力。本文研究结果为中国物流服务企业如何利用社会资本、组织学习来增强其动态能力和创造动态竞争优势提供有益的借鉴。     

动态能力和社会关系对企业绩效的作用机制:有调节的中介效用检验北大核心CSCDCSSCI

基于动态能力和社会资本理论,深入分析企业动态能力和社会关系对企业绩效的作用机制,并在此基础上考察企业运作能力的中介作用和环境动态性的调节效应。针对企业管理层发放并收集到164份有效问卷,采用结构方程模型和调节效应的检验方法对研究假设进行实证检验。研究结果表明:(1)动态能力与企业绩效之间无显著直接关系,运作能力在其中发挥了中介作用,动态能力根据外界环境变化对运作能力进行重构,而重构后的运作能力能够有效提升企业绩效。(2)企业社会关系不对企业绩效产生直接作用,而是通过提升运作能力而间接作用于企业绩效。(3)环境动态性能够有效调节运作能力的中介作用。在低度动态环境条件下,运作能力在企业动态能力、社会关系与企业绩效关系间起完全中介作用,而在高度动态环境条件下起部分中介作用。(4)在任何环境条件下,动态能力对企业绩效的作用均大于社会关系对企业绩效的作用。     

企业动态能力构建路径分析:基于创业导向和组织学习的视角

企业动态能力是维持、提升和创造动态竞争优势的战略前提。本文以组织学习为中介变量,构建并验证了创业导向与动态能力之间的关系,进而总结分析出企业动态能力的构建与提升路径。在动态能力文献梳理基础上,开发出测量动态能力的4个构面:环境洞察能力、变革更新能力、技术柔性能力与组织柔性能力,并通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,表明其具备一阶四因素结构。运用实证研究对结构模型进行验证显示,组织学习在创业导向和动态能力之间扮演了中介效应功能,组织学习对动态能力有显著正效应,创业导向各构面对动态能力有不同程度的间接正效应。最后建议企业应在创新与超前行动性氛围下通过组织个体层、群体层与组织层的存量学习和前馈层与反馈层的流量学习构筑并提升企业动态能力。     

企业家社会关系网络、资源交换与企业经济业绩

将经济和层级结构资源嵌入企业家的社会关系网络中,结合企业家偏好和资源再生产建立一个资源交换模型.利用模型均衡,分析了社会网络、资源现状和企业家特征对企业经济业绩的影响,讨论了企业家特征与企业之间经济业绩增长方向的关系,给出了交换导致整体经济增长的条件.结果表明,(1)信息成本(企业家讨价还价能力、对层级结构资源的偏好程度、层级结构资源的再生产能力、经济资源的再生产能力)对企业经济业绩具有反向(正向、反向、反向、正向)影响;(2)企业家之间的对层级结构资源的偏好程度、层级结构资源的再生产能力和经济资源的再生产能力的较大差异导致企业间经济业绩增长方向相反;(3)交换导致整体经济业绩增长的条件是,向经济资源再生产能力强的一方配置较多的经济资源.这些结果在一定程度上回答了"企业家用什么方式来从社会关系网络中获取自己偏好的什么资源,从而如何影响企业经济业绩"这一理论问题.     

企业动态能力的培育--基于航天企业的研究

通过对动态能力相关文献的综述以及现有航天企业动态能力的研究,提出以整合能力和学习能力的培育为渠道提升航天企业动态能力,以军、民、三产业务和资源实体化整合以及企业关键核心能力体系的培育为视角,探讨航天企业动态能力培育的运作机理,并构建了航天企业动态能力培育的支撑体系.     

基于核心要素创造视角的组织演化动力研究

通过对X公司核心要素创造过程的案例研究,分析了其随时间演化的方式、动力以及趋向和谐的途径.对组织核心要素创造过程的研究表明:(1)和谐主题(组织在特定时期的关键问题和核心任务)是组织创造核心要素的直接依据;(2)"和则"(能动诱导)与"谐则"(优化设计)是组织创造新核心要素所依据的内在机理;(3)和谐主题与双规则的互动展示了组织趋向和谐的途径.本文的贡献是,揭示了组织演化与变革的驱动力;提出复杂多变环境中战略管理应兼顾长期的计划和短期的问题、任务;实践方面告诉管理者如何通过改变组织体系来应对环境变化.     

核心能力:组织文化和组织学习作用

本文研究组织文化、组织学习、核心能力和组织绩效之间的相互影响关系,并以华南地区的139家企业为对象进行实证研究。本文的理论贡献在于证实了:(1)组织文化通过影响组织学习进而影响核心能力;(2)组织学习影响核心能力进而影响组织绩效;(3)核心能力对组织绩效有直接的正向影响;(4)组织文化对组织绩效没有显著的直接影响,但通过组织学习和核心能力的构建间接影响组织绩效;(5)组织学习对组织绩效没有显著的直接影响,但通过核心能力的构建间接影响组织绩效。本文的研究结果对于深刻理解核心能力的形成及正确认识组织文化和学习在组织管理中的作用有重要的借鉴价值。     

非合作博弈两阶段生产系统的环境效率评价

本文研究了环境效率评价中广泛存在的一类典型问题:两阶段非合作博弈的效率评价问题,该问题有两个明显的特点:(1)决策单元由经济生产子系统和污染物处理子系统两个阶段的子系统构成,(2)经济生产子系统产生的污染物由污染物处理子系统进行处理,且经济生产子系统居于主导地位,而污染物处理子系统居于从属地位.文章在分析各个决策单元整体效率与其子系统效率之间关系的基础上,提出一种能够同时评价决策单元整体效率和其子系统效率的DEA方法;然后引入非合作博弈思想,提出了基于两阶段非合作博弈的环境效率评价的DEA方法;最后采用中国各地区的工业系统的环境效率评价的实例分析说明了该方法的合理性和有效性.由于文章提出的方法能够有效地分析决策单元内部子系统的有效性水平,能够反映子系统之间的主从关系,能够发掘影响决策单元效率的关键因素,因而能够给出更为有效的环境管理信息,为决策者的决策提供科学的依据.     

区域创新子系统作用机理及管理策略

区域创新系统是一个复合系统,其协调发展需要内部各个子系统各构成要素及子系统之间的协调才能实现.论文认为区域创新系统由创新基础环境子系统、创新主体子系统和创新资源子系统三个子系统构成,并分析了各个子系统之间相互作用的协调机理.在此基础上提出了管理策略     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.