Trends in Marriage Formation in Sweden 1971–1993

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a system of annual indices of the risks of marriage and remarriage and to use the system to display such marriage risks for Swedish women over the years since 1971. Our indices are produced by applying indirect standardization to register data. The propensity to marry decreased considerably during the 1970s and it has continued to decrease also during the first half of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. The decrease in marriage risks is mostly due to a decreased propensity to marry among never-married women with no children. The decrease is not so strong for never-married women with children and for divorced women. A sharp, but only temporary, deviation from the general pattern of Swedish marriage-risk trends occurred in 1989, when the number of marriages formed increased dramatically in response to the near-abolition of the public widow's pensions for women who were not married at the beginning of 1990.     

Collaboration in genocide: the Ottoman Empire 1915–1916, the German-occupied Baltic 1941–1944, and Rwanda 1994

This article develops a new paradigm for the study of collaboration by applying the concept to events outside the context of the Second World War. The authors examine three instances of collaboration in twentieth-century mass killings, seeking to situate them within the framework of genocide. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the article questions the validity of explanations of conflict predicated on the existence of binary systems—explanations that appear frequently in comparative genocide studies. The authors relate the decision to participate in mass murder to the history of structural inequality within a given society. The article concludes that, however vague, the concept of collaboration is useful in accentuating a bottom-up approach in the study of genocide.     

Naturalization and Earnings: A Denmark–Sweden Comparison

The determinants and consequences of the naturalization of immigrants is a hot topic in the political debate in Europe. This article compares the effect of naturalization on the income attainment of immigrants in two Scandinavian countries, Denmark and Sweden, using longitudinal register data from 1986 and onward. Sweden is characterized by low obstacles to naturalization, and existing studies provide inconclusive evidence regarding the impact of naturalization on labor market outcomes. Denmark is instead characterized by higher barriers to naturalization, as well as a virtual inexistence of previous studies on the topic. Results, obtained through individual fixed-effect regression analysis, suggest similar effects in both countries. A consistent naturalization premium is detected for immigrants of Asian and African descent, but not for any other immigrant group. The similarity across contexts arguably questions the use of more stringent naturalization laws to promote the economic integration of immigrants.     

Recessions and Mortality in Spain, 1980–1997

The relationship between economic fluctuations and mortality is assessed with data from Spain during the years 1980–1997, when national unemployment oscillated between 7% and 24%. Mortality rates of the Spanish provinces are modeled in fixed-effect panel regressions as functions of the demographic structure and the economic conditions. Unemployment effects on general mortality, sex-specific mortality, and mortality for major causes of death are negative, i.e., death rates increase procyclically when joblessness diminishes in an economic expansion. Homicides and female suicides are only weakly related or unrelated to economic fluctuations, but male suicides escalate countercyclically during economic downturns. Tapia Granados, J.A., 2005, Récession et mortalitéen Espagne, 1980–1997, Revue Européenne de Démographie, 21: 393–422.     

电潜泵–气举组合接力举升工艺研究

针对单项人工举升工艺不能满足的深抽问题，从举升工艺原理与工艺管柱结构角度，提出了多种可能的组合举升方案以及组合原则。鉴于气举的独特优点，深井泵与气举的组合，尤其是电潜泵（ESP）与气举（GL）的组合具有出优点，适合大排量深抽。对 ESP–GL 的举升管柱结构型式进行了探讨，提出了利用小直径油管与气举阀直接连接代替常规环空气举的实施方案，避免了环空直接气举对动液面深度和下部深井泵的影响，为其他举升工艺与气举的组合创造了条件。利用提出的 ESP–GL 组合设计方法所开展的设计计算表明，在电潜泵排量和举升压头不变的条件下，气举组合接力举升后可使电泵的下泵深度达到 6 000 m 以上，为深层油气藏的大排量举升提供了技术手段；而在 ESP 下泵深度不变的条件下，气举组合后有助于提高其产量。     

A Century of Nuptiality in Spain, 1900–2007

This article describes the annual evolution of nuptiality in Spain from the beginning of the last century up to the present day. The analysis is based on data on first marriages from population registration data (Movimiento Natural de Población) after various adjustment and estimation operations. This source has an advantage with respect to census data, since it allows us to follow the annual nuptiality fluctuations that are very sensitive to prevailing social and economic conditions. Over the long term, the phases of nuptiality in Spain are comparable to those observed in Western Europe. However, leaving aside the period disturbed by the Civil War (1936–1939), Spain does exhibit some particular features: a long interlude from 1940 to 1959 marked by late marriage, rooted in the long depression of the Spanish economy; a prolonged rise in nuptiality which lasted until the end of the 1970s, corresponding to the late arrival of the first oil shock in Spain; and finally, a certain delay in the decline of marriage, accompanied—since the early 2000s only—by a parallel diffusion of cohabitation. Last, Spain is converging with Europe in another aspect that is seldom taken into account. While, from 1950 to 1980, it was one of the few European countries to register a first marriage rate unfavourable to women, the reversal of this trend since the 1980s has brought Spain closer to the majority of its neighbours.     

聚–表二元驱油体系性能对比研究

基于不同分子结构,探讨了表面活性剂分子与聚合物分子、高价金属离子的相互作用机理,认为与钙离子结合能力排序为：十二烷基硫酸钠> 部分水解聚丙烯酰胺> 十二烷基苯磺酸钠,从而导致聚–表二元复配体系黏度的差异。同时,驱油体系驱油实验的结果表明,驱油效率主要受到体系黏度、油水界面张力的影响,但驱油体系性能相近的情况下,具有更大分子截面积的表面活性剂,在驱替过程中,会表现出较好的界面张力保持能力,得到相对较高的驱油效率。     

稠油油藏热力–化学复合驱开发规划研究

在稠油注蒸汽热采过程中添加表面活性物质, 可以提高热采的开发效果, 在油田现场已得到初步应用。采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方式对这种强化采油方法进行研究, 通过分析稠油油藏热采添加表面活性剂复合驱过程中主要物理化学现象, 建立了比较完整的热力–化学复合驱数学模型。为提高热力–化学复合驱稠油开发的经济效益, 利用稠油热采注采关系和油藏数值模拟方法, 建立了稠油不同开发阶段生产动态的预测模型; 应用非线性规划理论, 对稠油前期蒸汽驱、 后期复合驱开发进行整体规划研究; 运用自适应遗传算法对具体稠油油藏复合驱开发非线性规划模型进行分析计算。结果表明： 规划后的稠油复合驱开发可以获得更大的经济效益。     

贝塞尔–高斯光束圆孔衍射场的传播特性

用标量Kirchhoff-Huyghons衍射积分导出Bessel-Gauss光束、Bessel光束-Gaussial光束圆孔衍射场轴向及横向场强分布的解析表达式.比较了它们的传播特性,探讨Bessel–Gauss光束在无衍射传播距离上其传播行为依赖于孔半径、束腰参数以及横向波数.     

Hygiene, Medicine, and Modernity in Korea, 1876–1910

Modernity in relation to medicine and the body is central to discussions on modernity in Korea. I have chosen to write this paper I have already penned several writings that are related to the topic: modern hygiene, cleanliness, medical service, and medicine. First topic is about the contrast between premodernity and modernity by comparing the prevalence of cholera in the early nineteenth and the early twentieth century. I discussed the new Western hygiene to control cholera decisively contributing to the destruction of the Confucian worldview and the generation of a new colonial modern order as well as preventing an epidemic, cholera. Second topic is about the dichotomy between cleanliness—cultured and uncleanliness—barbarity. Because it was related to the five senses, the discourse of uncleanliness and cleanliness could bring about an immediate effect, which made it the most elementary and primary discourse of modernity in Korea. Third topic is about premodern bodies in topknots and modern bodies in short hair. From among the incidents and topics that I studied then, the most impressive and extreme case regarding the relationship between the body and hygiene was that of the Cut Topknot Act (斷髮令). According to this decree, there were two main reasons for cutting off topknots: hygiene and convenience. Underlying them is the idea that long hair harms political reform and national enrichment. Indeed, this legislation had served as the battleground for a fierce war between modern standards and premodern traditions. Fourth topic is about the modernizing phase of health care system in Korea between 1876 and 1910. The health care system in Korea underwent tremendous changes from 1876 to 1910. In this process, the recently imported Western practices gradually came to occupy the center and existing practices were delegated to the periphery. Final topic is about the sanitation movement that believers of Ch’ ǒntokyo initiated around the twentieth century. This voluntary movement was greatly different from the two external and forced modernizations by Japanese imperialism and Western missionaries.

MCM–41 介孔分子筛中负载酞菁配合物的研究

合成了Zn–酞菁化合物，通过水热法将酞菁化合物负载在MCM–41 介孔分子筛中。利用FT–IR、UV–vis–Nir、XRD、FESEM、TEM 及N2 吸附–脱附仪对酞菁负载后的样品进行了表征。研究结果表明：较高浓度Zn–酞菁能够负载到介孔分子筛中，并且随着酞菁配合物浓度的增加，介孔分子筛孔道的有序性及结晶度都提高。     

Change and Stability in Parent–Child Contact in Five Western Countries

Although much is known about changes in the conjugal family, little is known about trends in contact between parents and adult (independently living) children. Using unique survey data, we study changes in contact with the mother and the father in five western countries over a 15-year period (Austria, West Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy). We describe changes and we examine the role of compositional changes in the trend. We find no evidence for a decline in intergenerational contact, in contrast to notions of individualism. In two countries, there has been an increase in contact with the mother and in three countries no net trend is observed. Contact with the father has not changed. Other forms of contact (e.g., telephone contact) have increased. Some compositional changes have had a downward pressure on the trend, leading to a decline in contact (i.e., rising education, declining church attendance), but these pressures have been compensated by counteracting compositional changes (declining sibsize) and by behavioral changes.

Planned and Unplanned Births and Conceptions in Italy, 1970–1995

Using FFS data on births andofficial data on abortions, focus is firstgiven to trends in planned and unplannedpregnancies during 1970–1995, comparing Italywith the USA and France. The next step is topinpoint groups where unplanned events are morecommon. Finally, the relationship betweenunplanned births and changes in contraceptivebehaviour is examined.The planned fertility decline distinguishesItaly from other Western countries. Unplannedbirths and abortions have also declinedconsiderably during the last twenty years.However, some caution is urged before it may beassumed that Italians are the masters of theirown fertility as, during the first half of1990s, 37% of conceptions were unplanned (atthe moment of the event), reaching 45% amongunder 20 and over 35 years old women.     

Work–Family Conflict Moderates the Relationship Between Childbearing and Subjective Well-Being

Many empirical studies find that parents are not as happy as non-parents or that parenthood exerts a negative effect on subjective well-being (SWB). We add to these findings by arguing that there is a key moderating factor that has been overlooked in previous research, i.e. the level of work–family conflict. We hypothesize that the birth of a child means an increase in the level of work–family tension, which may be substantial for some parents and relatively weak for others. To outline such an approach, we estimate fixed-effects models using panel data from the Household, Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia survey. We find that childbearing negatively affects SWB only when parents, mothers in particular, face a substantial work–family conflict, providing thus support for our hypothesis.     

Jerusalem's Population, 1995–2020: Demography, Multiculturalism and Urban Policies

This paper reports on a new projection of Jerusalem's population to the year 2020. Cultural, social and demographic trends within the city were analysed for eight main subpopulations featuring different ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic characteristics. Separate assumptions on mortality, fertility, and geographical mobility were developed and projected based on 1995 estimates of size and age-sex composition for each subpopulation. The selected results presented here focus on the balance of the Jewish versus the Arab and other population, and within the Jewish population, of the more religiously observant subpopulation versus the rest. The findings shed light on the critical importance of the mutual relationship between demography and socio-political developments. Implications of expected demographic trends for urban planning in a multicultural context are discussed within a broader evaluation of local and national policy options.     

Occupational Segregation and the Female–Male Wage Differentials: Evidence for Spain

Using matched employer–employee data from the Spanish labour market in 2010, we analyse the effects of industrial, establishment and occupational segregation on the gender wage differential, disaggregating the latter contribution by different groups of workers belonging to different occupational areas and responsibility levels. These workers are employed in 61 occupations within 26,492 establishments in 51 different industries. Since the matched employer–employee data exhibit a particular type of grouped structure, which contrasts the statistical properties of such data with the random sample case, we estimate the effects of each type of gender segregation on the wage gap using a robust specification. We find that the major part of the contribution of gender segregation is not explained by differences in the observable characteristics. Furthermore, the estimations show that the educational female advantage has helped to narrow the gender wage gap caused by occupational segregation within each establishment only for those groups of workers with the lowest educational requirements.     

测井资料在南堡 35–2 油田出砂预测中的应用

分析了渤海南堡 35–2 油田主力储层明化镇组的出砂机理， 应用测井资料 （纵波时差、 横波时差、 伽马和密度等） 建立了黏聚力、 内摩擦角、 弹性模量、 泊松比和最大水平主应力等岩石力学参数的求取方法， 并在此基础上应用出砂指数法、 斯伦贝谢法进行出砂预测以及临界生产压差的计算。根据出砂预测方法和临界生产压差的计算模型绘制了储层出砂指数剖面和临界生产压差剖面。计算结果表明， 明化镇组储层开采过程中出砂的可能性极大， 开发时应采取防砂措施。研究结果为今后该区块及附近区块油井出砂界定提供了准确的量化依据， 可为油井合理工作制度的制定提供指导。     

How Commoners Became Consumers of Naturalistic Medicine in Korea, 1600–1800

Perhaps the most significant shift in the history of Korean medicine was the popularization of medicine that started during the latter half of the seventeenth century and continued in the nineteenth century. As a result of this process, a Korea equipped with a naturalistic and rational medical system was, for the first time in Korean history, no longer monopolized by a minority of the ruling class. The use of medicine in this period expanded nationwide, even to the level of small towns in terms of geography and even to the general populace in terms of socioeconomic class. In what follows, I examine changes in medical practices and explore the process of and factors behind the popularization of medicine. Given the sources, it is not possible to compile time series data to show at a glance the great changes that took place in medical practices during the latter half of the Chosŏn Dynasty by era, region, gender, and class. The closest we can get to such data comes from a comparison of diaries. However, it is impossible to understand the mechanisms of development and change for each period solely based on such a comparison of diaries. To overcome this drawback, I make use of a different form of example. The case concerns the long-lasting Kangnŭng medical mutual aid society 江陵藥契, which was initiated in 1603 and lasted until 1842.