基于动态环境构型分析的企业雇佣策略研究

在整合已有研究的基础上,通过构型分析来研究不同性质的环境动态性及其对企业战略性雇佣策略的复合性影响,并构建出基于动态环境的企业雇佣策略选择机制以促进该领域研究的发展.研究认为,环境的动态性是多维的,其中的知识扩散速度会影响企业的知识管理范式和雇佣策略,而竞争环境的波动决定了企业需要具备的人力资源柔性的程度,但对雇佣策略的影响则不明确.研究结果表明,处于知识慢速扩散环境的企业适宜采取长期雇佣,竞争环境的波动程度则会影响企业管理知识员工的方式;当环境中知识快速扩散但竞争环境波动较低时,企业适宜采用短期雇佣;当知识扩散速度和竞争环境波动都较高时,企业适宜采取多元雇佣.     

相互投资型雇佣关系对员工工作主动性行为的影响

如何推动员工工作主动性行为是提高企业竞争力的科学管理问题.相互投资型雇佣关系作为和谐有效的雇佣关系模式能够得到员工积极回应.本研究通过432份调查问卷,采用层次回归分析法实证研究相互投资型雇佣关系对工作主动性行为的作用机制,并探究心理安全在两者之间的中介作用和组织信任的调节效应.研究表明,相互投资型雇佣关系对工作主动性行为具有显著正向作用,心理安全在相互投资型雇佣关系和工作主动性行为间起部分中介作用,组织信任对心理安全与工作主动性行为之间的关系具有负向调节作用.本研究丰富了雇佣模式对员工行为的影响研究,拓宽了激发员工工作主动性以实现"人尽其才"的新思路.     

技术创新与中小企业雇佣需求——基于员工技能结构的再审视

创新是经济持续增长的动力, 企业雇佣需求是维护社会稳定的基石.本研究结合中国经济发展转型的背景, 在区分产品创新与工艺创新的基础上, 通过数理模型推导, 分离出技术创新对中小制造业企业雇佣增长影响的直接途径与间接途径, 并利用2012年世界银行对中国中小企业运营环境的调查数据, 实证考察了中小企业技术创新对其雇佣增长的影响.研究结果表明, 技术创新不仅会通过工艺创新的“价格效应”与“生产率效应”以及产品创新的“市场效应”与“替代效应”四种直接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长, 还会通过“员工技能结构高级化”的间接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长.与国外研究不同的是, 对中国中小制造业企业而言, 工艺创新的“生产率效应”与产品创新的“替代效应”是阻碍其雇佣增长的主要途径;与国内研究不同的是, “员工技能结构高级化”是技术创新促进中国中小企业雇佣增长的重要途径.进一步研究发现, 技术创新对中低技术制造业企业雇佣增长的影响更为敏感.本研究从微观层面证实了技能偏向性技术进步对中国中小企业雇佣需求的重大影响, 同时也为缓解中国“就业难”与“招工难”的结构性问题提供了政策依据.     

组织公正、雇佣关系与员工工作态度——基于广东民营企业的经验研究

分析员工层面雇佣关系的内涵及其在组织公正与员工工作态度关系中所起的中介作用对我国民营企业人力资源管理有重要的现实意义.本文在文献述评的基础上提出了一系列假设,并通过对675位广东民营企业员工问卷的实证分析检验了假设.研究发现,领导一部属交换与员工工作态度的相关性最显著.并在人际公正、信息公正与员工工作态度关系中起完全中介作用;心理契约违背与员工工作态度显著负相关,并在程序公正、分配公正与员工工作态度关系中起部分中介作用.研究表明,民营企业不仅要通过创建公正的分配环境来提高员工的工作态度,而且要善于构建能得到员工认同的雇佣关系,尤其是高质量的员工与直接领导之间的关系,提高员工的工作满意度和组织承诺.     

雇佣伦理——人力资源管理的新议题

随着社会经济的发展,企业伦理越来越受到关注。雇佣伦理作为企业伦理的一部分,其重要性也就相应而生了。企业重视雇佣伦理,可以增强员工的凝聚力、提高员工的工作积极性,为企业积聚社会资本,最终达到提高企业效益的目的。企业的人力资源管理部门是贯彻雇佣伦理的执行部门,应当充分实施人本管理,帮助企业成为优秀的企业公民。     

民营企业雇佣关系模式关键影响因素的多案例研究

近30年来,中国企业雇佣关系模式从传统的单一模式转变为工作导向和组织导向等多种模式并存。西方雇佣关系领域的研究和实践证实组织导向型雇佣关系模式是最优模式,然而中国情景下的众多企业倾向采取工作导向型。由于中国企业雇佣关系模式的形成过程与西方企业存在很大差异,西方学者的研究结论不能解释中国企业的现象,探讨中国情景下企业雇佣关系模式的关键影响因素具有必要性。 已有理论研究和管理实践侧重关注企业雇佣关系模式的结果变量,但对其形成的关键影响因素分析未给予足够重视。运用最佳实践、高阶理论等观点,从多角度搭建企业雇佣关系模式关键影响因素及作用机制的分析框架;使用多案例研究方法,通过规范的质性分析技术,探讨广东省通信设备行业12家典型民营企业雇佣关系模式的关键影响因素及作用机制。 研究结果表明,①企业雇佣关系模式受到承诺型人力资源管理实践、控制型人力资源管理实践、企业家风险偏好、企业家成就需要、企业工会实践和制度环境6个关键因素的影响;②各关键因素对不同类型雇佣关系模式的影响存在差异性;③阐明4种类型雇佣关系模式关键影响因素的作用机制,并发现各关键影响因素的作用机制存在差异性。 在理论上,研究结果为探讨企业雇佣关系模式搭建了理论分析框架,丰富了雇佣关系模式前因变量方面的成果,拓展了研究空间,基于雇佣关系模式不同类型的划分描绘了企业雇佣关系模式关键影响因素路径图,将搭建的理论分析框架进行具体化。在实践上,研究结果从企业和政府两个角度,为企业选择和调整适合中国企业发展的雇佣关系模式提供了对策建议。     

培训能提升员工组织承诺吗——可雇佣性和期望符合度的影响

组织投资于员工培训一定会提升员工的组织承诺度吗？已有文献认为培训显著影响员工组织承诺,然而关于培训通过怎样的具体机制影响员工的组织承诺却并未得到系统的阐释.本文从员工感知角度评价组织的培训政策,以405名员工为样本,探讨了中国情境下培训与组织承诺之间的关系,并引入可雇佣性、期望符合度分别作为中介变量、调节变量,构建有调节的中介模型,深化培训对组织承诺影响的研究.分析结果表明,培训对可雇佣性和组织承诺都有显著的正向影响;可雇佣性在培训与组织承诺之间起中介作用;期望符合度调节可雇佣性与组织承诺之间的关系,即培训对组织承诺的影响是有调节的中介效应.这一结论对于提高员工培训的有效性、雇佣双方树立相互投资的理念、促进可雇佣性的培养和实现机制具有重要的现实意义.     

多元化雇佣模式下组织人力资源管理策略研究

从战略人力资源管理视角,基于人力资本理论构建多元化雇佣模式,可为组织采取差异化人力资源管理策略提供参考。具体而言,战略价值高的员工是组织的战略性资源,应采取战略管理策略,建立长期稳定的雇佣关系,即内部化。根据人力资本独特性或岗位能力素质差异,可将其分为知识型员工和技能型员工。前者是组织核心竞争力的来源,可采取激励型管理策略,培养组织认同与忠诚;后者是组织任务的执行者,可采取效率型管理策略,提升工作绩效。战略价值低的员工是组织的经营性资源,应采取成本管理策略,建立短期合作与契约关系,即外部化。根据人力资本独特性或岗位能力素质差异,可将其分为外聘专家和外包/派遣人员。前者是对组织智力资源的补充,可采取协作型管理策略,建立信息共享与彼此信任的合作关系;后者是组织对基层劳动力数量的调整,可采取控制型管理策略,缩减用工成本,提高经济效益。     

高科技企业的雇佣特征、劳资冲突及人力资源管理策略

高科技企业员工雇佣期的缩短影响雇佣关系中的权力均衡,并冲击到产业关系学派所认为的雇主相对雇员个体的权力优势假设。论文基于库克提出的劳资合作理论指出企业可以通过非标准劳动关系、劳动契约内容的完备与激励以及工作生活质量等人力资源管理途径有效地响应雇佣特征变化所带来的挑战。     

面向劳动时间偏好差异的满意度分析与雇佣方案设计研究

在粤港澳大湾区,劳动力密集型企业,如搬家公司等目前正面临着劳动力市场新老交替的历史阶段。新兴的青年劳动力阶层对于工作时间和职业收入的满意度函数与上一代劳动力具有较为显著的偏好差异。本文拟围绕这一背景探索如何让企业在获得高收益的同时保证员工的工作满意度的问题。本文在考虑了收入偏好型员工和舒适偏好型员工不同特点的基础上,结合运筹学方法和效用函数设计,综合考虑员工的加班不满意度和加班容忍度两个方面,定量地评价员工的工作满意度,建立企业雇佣方案模型。在此基础上,本文研究了各种不同的场景下企业任务量、企业雇佣方案、员工满意度与企业收益四个变量之间的关系。通过仿真测试发现,当企业的任务量方差较大时,应提高雇佣方案中舒适偏好型员工所占比例;当企业的任务时间方差较大时,应提高雇佣方案中收入偏好型员工所占比例。本研究对于促进粤港澳大湾区的劳动力就业发展,维护粤港澳大湾区的地区稳定以及吸纳更多的企业和员工具有重要意义。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.