经济危机时期英国的移民报道及其对中国的启示——从广州媒体报道非洲黑人说起

2009年7月15日广州黑人冲击派出所，以及随后网上对《东方天使》的参赛者“黑女孩”娄婧的一些讨论，使得黑人群体受到全国媒体乃至世界媒体的关注，境外媒体称“中国首次爆发了有关种族歧视的不同寻常的公开讨论”，“中国人对黑人抱有天真的种族主义”。与此同时，移民大国——英国国内关于移民的讨论也达到了白热化的程度，移民报道在文化与政治领域的重要性得到了前所未有的关注。通过分析经济危机时期英国媒体的移民报道策略、成因和危害，并与中国媒体的黑人报道做简单比较，以期为正在走向世界的中国传媒以启示。     

美国的种族矛盾

美国的种族矛盾主要表现为欧洲白人同黑人、拉丁美洲裔人和亚洲裔人的矛盾。六、七十年代以来黑人的状况虽有改善但仍被排除在美国社会生活的主流之外。拉丁美洲裔移民多数处在社会下层，境况艰难。在美国也存在反亚裔情绪。由于拉美裔人和亚裔人和黑人的生育率较高，美国的种族构成正在发生显著的变化。随着，语言和文化也向多样化和多元化方向发展。白人种族主义也在加强种族歧视和迫害，反对多元文化主义，限制和排斥外来移民。在这个紧要关头，美国作何选择关系到今后的发展方向     

美国未来的种族成份

自从独立以来,美国的种族成份犹如一个不断变幻着的万花筒,反映出移民的不同来源,也反映了本国居民和外来移民的生育率和死亡率。在北美洲这块土地上,原来主要居住着土著美洲人,后来变成以盎格鲁撒克逊白人新教徒为主。到1800年,大批移民(尽管是强迫性的)使美国人口中黑人占将近20%。到1900年,又发生了变化。黑人占全国人口的10%,而来自南欧和东欧的移民在自人中所占比例的大幅度增加,使社会的种族成份更加庞杂。现在,美国本国居民的生育率很低,同时,移民数字再次达到二十世纪初的水平,而且移民中大     

1965年以来美国外来移民的人口与家庭特征分析

在美国自20世纪60年代以来兴起的移民浪潮中,来自拉美和亚洲等非传统移民输出地的移民迅速增多,移民群体的种族构成随之发生变化。新移民群体以青壮年为主,年龄结构呈现出"中间大、两头小"的菱形特征,并且女性人口不断增多。与美国人相比,移民群体的婚姻状况较为稳定,同时家庭规模较大,相应有较多的子女。加强对新移民群体的关注,有助于深化对当代美国社会问题的认识与研究。     

二战后美国华人的就业特征及成因

二战后美国移民政策的调整特别是《1965年移民法》的实施为华人移民美国提供了良好的条件,美国华人社会也发生了深刻变化:学历构成有所提高,来源结构更加丰富,性别比例日趋平衡;在就业市场上,职业层次空前提升,地域上的分散化趋势有所加强,华人社会内部就业的多样性特点也日趋明显。但作为外来移民,华人仍面临种族歧视、语言障碍等诸多困难。     

美国应对劳动力迁入就业的社会保险制度

劳动力转移就业是当今一个重要的全球性议题。这个议题给劳动力的迁出国和接收国带来的挑战是不一样的。作为一个最初由移民组成并建设的国家,美国具有悠久的劳动力迁入就业历史。美国在1864年制定的鼓励移民入境法案中,已经专门涉及到劳动力迁入就     

论民族问题——争取科学地唯物主义地看待美国黑人解放的斗争

一近百年来美国黑人解放运动的主要缺点是,黑人在他们是不是一个被殖民化的民族的问题上存在着意见分歧.努力争取在思想上对民族问题有一个明确的认识对于进一步科学地看待民族解放问题至关重要.1855年,马丁·德拉尼在《美国有色人种民族的状况、地位的提高、移民和命运》一书中把北美的黑人说成是"民族中的民族".在十九世纪三十年代,自由民组织了有色人种大会,讨论和分析黑人的困境.在这些大会上出现了三种政治倾向.关于     

理想与现实的悖论:美国“熔炉论”神话的破灭——以匈牙利移民为中心

文章从实证的角度,探讨了19世纪末20世纪初美国社会转型时期,匈牙利移民的美国化进程,从一个侧面揭示了当时处于盛世的熔炉论在实践上作为神话的破灭过程。就其促成因素而言,其中既有美国白人的民族偏见与排斥,也有匈牙利移民对本民族文化难以割舍的情结,还有匈牙利政府为动员移民回国的努力等。诸多因素的合力作用,使匈牙利移民和其他外来移民群体一样,在适应美国社会生活方式的同时保留着本民族的特征,由此奠定了美利坚民族多元化发展的基础。     

国家利益与美国人才吸引战略发展中的制约因素分析

在美国学界关于国家利益的研究中,对外安全战略一直是关注的焦点,而与美国社会经济发展和国民福祉等相关的国家利益的研究一直受到冷落。具有传统的外来移民问题是美国国家利益的组成部分,其中的人才吸引战略也未被纳入国家利益研究的视域之下。从美国移民政策和人才吸引战略的历史看,在不同的时期,决策者对于移民政策服务主旨的认识判断不同,导致移民政策服务的国家利益内涵不同。在移民政策体系之内,家庭团聚、难民和包括人才吸引在内的就业类移民条款并行不悖,彼此处于一种既竞争又相互补充的对立统一的矛盾共同体之中,它们各自服务于美国国家利益的不同层面,但是在人才吸引方面又殊途同归。当然,在美国国内,与人才吸引思想相对立还有保护美国本土劳工各项就业权益和人才培养的主张。它们在一定程度上对美国吸引外来人才具有抑制性作用。总之,以上诸种因素的制约使美国人才吸引战略处于对美国人才资源开发的从属性补充地位。这是我们认识美国人才吸引战略的基本前提。     

论20世纪初美国政府夜校移民同化教育

20世纪初大规模外来移民的到来,对美国社会政治、经济、文化等各方面造成了强大冲击;同时,排外主义者对移民与当时社会问题之间的关系带有意识形态色彩的煽动与渲染,也引起了美国身份认同危机,从而促成美国政府通过多种途径来同化移民。美国政府试图通过夜校等培训班的形式,斩断移民与母国的文化联系,促使他们融入美国主流文化当中,但由于缺乏对移民的尊重,对移民与母国的文化关系也缺乏理解,使得美国政府移民同化教育的效果有限。欧陆一战导致美国族裔群体的疏离与纷争,正是这一教育失败的证明。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.