中国区域发展不平衡的原因探析

区域发展不平衡是我国的基本国情。近年来特别是"十一五"以来,我国区域发展出现了一些积极变化。但总的来看,区域发展不平衡的状况还没有得到根本改变,主要表现在经济总量、人均GDP、工业总产值、公共服务等方面,其原因主要在于区域发展战略、不同的政策选择和市场化程度。     

从地方发展权的失衡看当代中国的区域不平衡发展

区域不平衡发展问题,是当代中国政府面临的最为艰巨的公共管理难题之一,因而,从公共管理的学科视阈对其展开探讨争鸣有着重大的理论和现实意义。与＂行政分权＂说的传统解释不同,本文试图从行政分权对地方政治生态带来的政治效应,阐释改革以来我国区域不平衡发展现象的因果机理。同时,通过构建地方发展权的分析框架,指出地方发展权的失衡是当代中国区域不平衡发展的重要制度根源。针对我国的区域协调发展战略,提出平衡发展的政策思路。     

李显龙政府中美平衡战略评析

平衡战略是小国常用战略,新加坡是实施平衡战略的代表性国家。李显龙政府的中美平衡战略以务实主义为基本原则,以加强与中美两国的合作为主线,从而维持中美在东南亚相互制衡的局面、维护国家与地区安全,并进一步构建以新加坡与东盟为中心的关系网络。本文以新加坡平衡战略在中美竞争与合作态势变化下的调整为划分依据,将李显龙政府的中美平衡战略实践划分为“构建—走向失衡—再平衡”三个阶段,论述新加坡在不同阶段的国家、双边、地区及国际层面的战略。通过多年实践,李显龙政府的中美平衡战略在实现国家安全、促进经济发展、维护区域稳定等方面取得了成效,但也面临着美国对中国战略遏制的推进、贸易保护主义兴起等挑战。面对中美竞争加剧和新加坡中美平衡战略的调整,中国应不断提升自身影响力,稳健应对中美战略竞争,深化中新共同利益并助力东盟维护中心地位,积极推进周边合作制度化。     

浅析中国和平崛起中的战略平衡

在和平崛起的过程中,中国需要处理各种关系,平衡各方力量。在处理与周边邻国及美国的关系上,中国既要团结邻国,也要尊重美国在亚太地区的利益和权利,减少美国对中国崛起的战略疑虑。海权和边疆安全是中国国家安全的一体两面。中国的发展离不开与亚洲国家的合作,区域一体化和区域集团化是中国在亚洲发展的两条轨道。在中国的未来发展中,网络信息安全与传统安全休戚相关,意义重大。     

中国式现代化建设背景下京津冀产业协同发展路径

中国式现代化迫切需要发挥区域重大战略的引领作用，区域产业协同则是推进区域重大战略和中国式现代化的重要抓手。以理清中国式现代化、区域重大战略与区域产业协同发展之间的逻辑关系为切入点，沿着“目标导向—支撑保障—演化机制”的脉络对京津冀区域产业协同发展进行理论解释。在此基础上，围绕着以深化产业分工催化区域产业差异化发展，以内外联动优化区域现代产业体系建设，以区域创新联动增强区域产业协同的创新效能，以“产业链—人才链—创新链”融合强化协同动力，以全面深化改革推进跨地区产业协作机制建设等方面，提出京津冀产业协同发展路径，致力于为使京津冀地区成为中国式现代化建设的先行区、示范区提供有益的政策启示。     

论不平衡发展规律——兼论毛泽东和邓小平的不平衡协调发展战略

马克思为不平衡发展理论提供了思想源头,列宁揭示经济政治发展的不平衡是资本主义的规律并以此为社会主义革命可能在一国首先获得胜利的理论基础。毛泽东、邓小平提出了一系列指导中国革命和社会主义建设的不平衡协调发展战略,丰富了不平衡发展理论。     

科学发展观视域下西部旅游城市产业发展战略——以桂林市为例

以经济建设为中心，致力于促进经济发展是科学发展观寻求的以人为本、全面协调可持续发展的基础。但科学发展观追求的经济发展是质量优先的又好又快的可持续发展。无论是促进国民经济还是区域经济的可持续发展，实质上是促进国家或区域产业的可持续发展，而促进产业可持续发展，必须制定和实施科学的产业发展战略。作为西部旅游城市的桂林其产业发展要以科学发展观为指导，实施工业化与城市性质相协调战略、旅游主导产业带动战略，以及工业化梯度和反梯度推移融合战略。     

产业集群与区域创新体系构建研究

产业集群是产业发展演化过程中产业集聚的现象,加强了集群内企业间的有效合作.区域创新体系与产业集群由于存在着地域、要素、效用和目的等多项关联,二者存在着必然的联系.因此,应在区域创新体系建设框架之下,实施积极的集群战略,制定并完善产业集群的发展政策,以此不断优化区域创新环境,提升区域创新能力.     

加快产业分工与合作 提升环渤海区域综合发展能力

本文站在环渤海区域经济合作与发展的角度,从探索建立区域合作共赢机制、以总部经济模式促进区域产业协调发展、构筑京津塘高科技产业带以加快创新成果转化、优化区域空间布局等四个方面,对如何加强环渤海区域产业分工与合作进行了深入分析,并就整体提升区域综合发展能力提出几点战略思考。     

产业集群升级中的地方政府行为研究

产业集群作为一种产业的空间组织方式,在促进区域经济发展方面起到了很大的作用.由于集群自身特性,集群内企业容易形成战略盲点,集群发展中的战略雷同、区域锁定等可能导致的风险,都会使产业集群的发展出现问题.要保持产业集群竞争优势,延长产业集群生命周期,就必然要求在集群成长的各个阶段及时进行升级.地方政府可以解决产业集群升级中市场本身难以解决的一些问题,从而促进其健康发展和升级.地方政府可以通过制定合理的产业集群政策,营造区域创新环境,完善创新基础设施,构建产业集群创新网络,实施区域品牌战略,促进区域融合等行为来参与产业集群升级发展过程,减少我国现有条件下市场因素在资源配置上的某些局限性,引导、规范和推动产业集群的发展,实现经济结构调整和产业集群升级的目的.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Youth‐oriented active labour market policies and economic crisis: Explaining policy effort in Greece and Portugal

The starting point of this study is the implementation of seemingly similar youth‐oriented labour market policies in Greece and Portugal. Both countries have suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their labour market as part of the rescue programmes adopted during the European sovereign debt crisis. Despite convergence in terms of policy trajectories, there is a significant divergence in employment outcomes. In Portugal, youth‐oriented policies were better‐targeted and structured. Their implementation has been more effective and has involved the social partners from the outset of the crisis. In Greece, policy design failures, administrative weaknesses and unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have limited the dynamics of youth‐oriented policies thus increasing youth insecurity. Τhe analysis suggests that convergence in policy content can be compatible with divergence in terms of outcomes.