The Changing Structure of American Gambling in the Twentieth Century

The author examines some of the factors that altered the economics and control of policy and numbers gambling, bookmaking, and casino gambling from 1900 to 1950. The factors include the emergence of black ghettoes after World War I and the consequent rise of blacks to controlling positions in numbers and policy banks; the changing ownership and activities of the national race and sports information service; the increasing use of the telephone for making sports bets; and the sudden wealth of bootleggers in the 1920's along with their growing involvement in gambling enterprises. The author concludes that these factors exercised a diverse and interrelated influence on the history of American gambling.     

The Elimination of Illiteracy Among Women in the First Half of the 1920s

As the twentieth century comes to a close, fundamentally new problems are emerging concerning the place of women in the modern world; these problems must be solved if mankind is to progress. At the same time, the present development of the women's movement in Russia cannot be examined in isolation, abstracted from the historical past. Over the course of many decades of the history of our state, the women's movement has acquired abundant experience; it has its own traditions as well as numerous unresolved problems. For our own critical situation in the field of education it is important to consider the historical experience of the work of state bodies and social organizations of Russia among women in the first half of the 1920s.     

试论19世纪上半叶俄国汉学研究的民族化

比丘林、科瓦列夫斯基、卡缅斯基、列昂季耶夫斯基、西维洛夫、沃伊采霍夫斯基是 19世纪上半叶著名的俄国汉学家。他们以扎实的汉、满、蒙语言功底对中国历史、语言、文化进行了卓有成效的研究 ,促成了俄国大学汉学教育的诞生。这一时期俄国汉学从研究对象、研究方法到汉学人才培养机制都显现出鲜明的民族特性 ,俄国自此跻身于欧洲汉学大国之列     

Identity Politics Among Arab‐American Women*

Objective. Identity politics has dominated contemporary analyses of protest movements. Although multiple identities are commonplace, progress in delineating their empirical relationship has been slow. This article examines the relationships among ethnic and religious identities and feminist orientations among Arab‐American women, a group that bridges multiple cultural identities. The primary research question is whether ethnic and religious identities undermine feminism in this population or whether multiple identities are mutually supportive. Methods. Using data from a national mail survey of Arab‐American women, regression analyses examine the separate effects of various dimensions of ethnic and religious identity on women's feminist orientations. Results. Arab political identity is positively associated with feminism while religious and feminist identities are inversely related. The effects of ethnic cultural identity and Muslim affiliation are negligible. Conclusions. This study finds a complex pattern of relationships among multiple identities and underscores the underlying political dynamic linking group identities.     

The Commodity and Capital Markets in Rural North China During the First Half of the 20th Century

ThispaperwillexplorethedevelopmentandhistoricalexperiencesofruralmarketsinnorthChinafromtheendoftheQingdynastyfromtheperspectiveofcommoditiesandcapital.NospecializedresearchmonographhassofarbeenpublishedonthisspecifictopiceitherwithinChinaorabroad,althoughsomeinfIuentialworkshavetoucheduponthisfield,forexample,theresearchconductedinrelationtoruralareasofnorthChinabytheAinericanscholarsRamanMyersandPhilipHuang,andtheChinesescholarCongHanxiangandhiscollaborators.Myers'research,whichwasbased…