中国城市化模式的选择问题研究

中国过去在城市化问题上存在着认识误区 ,制约了城市化进程 ,致使中国现阶段的城市化水平还比较低。经过 2 0多年的改革开放 ,中国城市化水平目前正处于一个由低水平向中等水平过渡的快速发展时期。中国的城市化应该由控制大城市、积极发展中小城市和小城镇的模式 ,向以大城市为主导的城市化模式转变     

中国中部和东部就地城市化的差异——基于中原城市群与海西城市群的比较研究

中国的中部地区与东部地区在就地城市化的演进模式上有着显著的差异性。中原城市群和海西城市群的就地城市化演进机理和地域特征各不相同,两者的就地城市化在区位禀赋、动力机制和演进行为绩效等方面存在明显差异。     

近年来西方学者关于中国城市化研究述评

近年来,中国城市化己成为西方学者的研究热点。西方学者普遍认为,中国城市化的快速发展是全球城市化潮流的主要组成部分和重要推动力量,他们研究了中国城市化发展的全球背景、全球数量和质量发展前景及其对全球经济、生态、社会发展意义,集中关注中国城市化进程中的政府作用、土地制度、城市移民等几个方面并提出了相应的对策建议。西方学界的中国城市化研究有富于问题意识和危机意识的优点,但西方视角解决中国问题缺乏解释性和指导性,西方的中国城市化研究整体上尚未形成理论体系。中国学界应以高度的历史责任感,强化问题意识和危机意识,构建新时代中国特色社会主义的城市化理论体系。     

不同地区高校教师社会工作机构的目标功能和发展策略

由于政府重视程度及经济社会发展水平的差异,中国各地的社会工作发展水平存在很大差异;而不同地区高校教师社会工作机构的目标、功能定位以及发展策略也应该有所不同.根据发展保障、系统化、职业化和专业化等几个维度将中国不同地区的社会工作发展水平分为较发达地区,次发达地区以及欠发达地区三类,然后对三类地区高校教师社会工作机构的目标和功能以及发展成策略进行探讨和分析.     

发达地区的经济发展路径：深度城市化与逆向城市化的同步推进

文章认为不同发展水平的地区有各自不同的发展路径，发达地区的发展路径应是深度城市化与逆向城市化的同步推进。深度城市化就是经济国际化、农业产业化、镇村市镇化、居民知识化、社会保障化。逆向城市化就是降低城市人口密度，发展城市农业，发展废物零排放产业、废物利用产业、清洁清洗产业，大力发展郊区住宅产业。文章最后就发达地区如何应对经济全球化挑战提出了6点对策，并介绍了可借鉴的美国市镇发展资料。     

美国社会学协会2001年年会即将召开

美国社会学协会第 96届年会将于 2 0 0 1年 8月 1 8～ 2 1日在美国加州西南部城市阿纳海姆举行。此次年会的主题是 :“未来的城市”。在全球城市化的浪潮中 ,此次会议的召开旨在反思在高度工业化国家、正在工业化国家以及落后国家里城市化进程对于人类社会和人际关系的意义。年会拟具体回答以下几个问题 :城市中现存的社会组织、经济结构、生态模式和文化形态是什么 ?不同城市的社会组织、经济结构、生态模式和文化形态有何不同 ?它们预示着什么样的未来城市 ?未来的城市对乡村 ,乃至对未融入全球资本主义的其他地区有什么样的影响 ?围绕“…     

广西产业结构的现状及创新产业结构发展模式

与全国平均水平相比,广西目前的产业结构仍处于低度水平。基于时代背景的不同,广西产业结构战略性调整需要有新的思路。创新产业结构发展模式,打破产业结构的渐进式变革进程,根据地区发展的比较优势,选定一个或几个主导产业重点发展,在产业非均衡发展中短期内实现产业结构的高级化、合理化与高效化,并为整个地区经济跨越式发展寻求新的经济增长点。     

学习和实践“三个代表”推动城市化进程

城市化发展水平是一个国家或地区的社会经济、文化综合发展标志。加快城乡规划、建设和管理 ,推进城市化进程 ,是江泽民同志“三个代表”重要思想的具体体现。为此 ,我们必须站在“三个代表”的高度 ,来充分认识和推进我国城市化进程。江泽民同志在出席广东茂名高州市领导干部“三讲”教育会议后 ,在广东围绕加强新时期党的建设和推进高新技术产业发展这两个问题进行考察和调研时指出 :要把中国的事情办好 ,关键取决于我们党。只要我们党始终成为中国先进社会生产力的发展要求、中国先进文化的前进方向、中国最广大人民的根本利益的忠实代表…     

中国城市化与工业化的协调发展问题分析

工业化和城市化是紧密相关的,是对一个国家和地区经济现代化进程在产业和区域方面的分别表述。中国城市化和工业化的不协调表现为低价工业化进程和高价城市化进程的不协调。这种不协调产生的原因是中国独特的工业化战略和道路严重制约了城市化的进程。为此,“十一五”期间,中国应该通过深化体制改革、提高农民收入、改善城市管理水平、加快第三产业发展等来推进城市化与工业化的协调发展。     

服务业的空间分布特征及与城市化的相关性分析——以浙江省为例

本文以浙江省为例,首先利用服务业地区比重、区位商和服务业/工业相对集中度等指标分析了服务业的空间分布情况及变化趋势,然后利用服务业生产率指数和相对劳动生产率等指标分析了服务业的地区差异,最后讨论了城市化对服务业发展的影响并进行了简单的实证分析。分析结果应证了服务业具有空间集聚的趋势且受城市化因素的影响较大这一观点。而且结合浙江省实际情况,指出了其服务业发展的几个特点及存在的问题,并给出了简单的政策建议。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).