新时期女性职业发展的困境及原因分析

职业成功是职业发展的最高阶段。新时期女性职业发展面临着多重困境,主要包括女性职业发展的停滞、职业生涯的中断及职业厌倦等三个方面。本文试从多个角度分析女性职业发展困境背后的原因,以期为促进新时期女性职业发展提供一种有益的理论参考。造成女性职业发展的困境的原因主要有传统思想观念、教育、劳动力市场、工作组织及女性角色冲突等几个方面的因素。     

高等教育与女性婚配:基于年龄、时期和队列的视角

本文基于2010年第三期中国妇女社会地位调查数据,利用APC交叉分类随机效应模型,以已婚女性为研究对象,分解出高等学历对女性教育婚配的年龄、时期和队列作用,以把握三方面时间维度的变化趋势。实证结果显示高等学历的年龄与时期作用显著,队列效应不明显。初婚年龄对高等学历女性的教育婚配年限差始终呈正向影响,34岁左右是教育婚配差由负变正的转折点;初婚年龄对非高等学历女性的影响则表现为U型分布。高等学历女性的夫妻教育年限差随着初婚年龄的上升而变大,且增幅大于非高等学历女性,可见推迟结婚的高等学历女性未必嫁得不好。此外,两类女性在20世纪80年代之后都展现出同质婚发展趋势,高等学历男性资源并没有被非高等学历女性占有,高等学历女性的教育婚配质量保持在较高水平且有上升的倾向。但是,两类女性的教育婚配经历的时期作用阶段明显不同:高等学历女性教育婚配的时期效应呈U型变化趋势,经历了"正—负—负—正"四个阶段;而非高等学历女性的时期效应单调下降,在1980年之后作用效果由正向变为负向。国内社会需要给高等学历女性一个相对宽松的环境,社会大众应该用长远的眼光看待婚恋问题,而高等学历女性自身也需要树立正确的婚恋观,全面综合地衡量结婚对象,适时进行婚配。     

流动女性职业地位获得及其影响因素分析

本文运用多元线性回归模型对流动女性职业地位及其影响因素进行分析,研究结果表明,流动女性的职业地位普遍不高。本研究所构建的流动女性职业地位获得的理论模型具有较强的解释力,受教育程度、是否掌握专业技能、成就动机、社会网络规模、社会网络顶端、进城务工时长、到过的打工地区数等是影响流动女性职业地位获得的主要因素。     

改革开放以来吉林省女性人力资本分析

改革开放以来,吉林省的经济、社会发展取得长足进步,女性从事各种职业的比例增长很快,但女性平均受教育水平的研究表明女性的人力资本的增加值小于男性的人力资本的增加值。女性的各种职业的构成基本没有发生变化,从事体力为主的女性占全部在业女性的绝大多数,女性高就业掩饰了低入学率。社会提供男性和女性同样的就业机会,却是不同的工作和岗位。     

经济发达地区“剩女”群体状况初步分析——以广东省为例

根据广东省1982-2010年历次人口普查和人口抽样调查数据,文章描述了30-49岁"剩女"的基本特征,并初步分析了教育和职业对"剩女"比例的影响。经济和社会的发展,提高了女性受教育的机会,进而提供了女性职业发展机会,在这种情况下,女性的婚姻得到了推迟。"剩女"的规模和比例越来越高。     

收入、相对地位与女性的生育意愿

文章基于中国健康与营养调查（CHNS）2006年成人调查数据,对中国52岁以下在婚、离婚和丧偶女性的收入、相对地位对生育意愿的影响进行实证分析。与以往研究不同的是,在分析影响女性生育意愿的因素时,除了通常的收入、价格、职业和年龄等因素外,本文还特别引入了反映女性相对地位的变量。根据家庭谈判模型以及中国的现实情况,本文用相对收入、相对教育以及相对家务劳动时间来反映女性在家庭中的相对地位。结果显示,对于是否生育孩子的决策,生理因素的影响占据主导地位;对于生育多少个孩子的决策,社会经济因素占据主导地位,尤其是女性在家庭中的相对地位无论城乡均产生显著的影响,而女性的收入对生育意愿并没有产生显著影响。     

广州市老人终生职业流动研究

根据对广州市 ２ ０００位 ６０岁以上老人的抽样调查，本文描述了老人终生职业流动的基本情况，指出老人终生职业流动的基本趋势是从农民转变为非农业职业，从蓝领转变为白领。商业、服务业和干部职业是比较开放的职业，而科教文卫则是比较封闭的职业。作为最初职业，军人是一个能够带来向上流动的职业。影响老人终生职业流动的基本因素有老人年轻时的社会变迁强度、教育程度和性别等。建国初期的青年人职业流动的机会比较突出。教育程度的高低，直接影响职业流动的机会。职业流动性别因素对老人终生职业流动的明显影响，表明了中国传统社会对女性发展的制约。性别因素依然突出地影响着中国职业流动，如何给女性更多的职业流动机会是我们社会必须正视的问题。     

中国城镇地区职业性别隔离水平的趋势分析

在劳动力市场中职业性别隔离水平是衡量男女平等的重要指标之一。本文基于2000年和2010年全国人口普查数据,分别从总体隔离、水平隔离与垂直隔离、性别类型职业等几个方面对中国劳动力市场上的职业性别隔离水平的发展趋势和现状进行估计和分析,并进一步比较不同行业和地区职业性别隔离水平的差异。研究发现2000年以来中国城镇地区的职业性别隔离总体水平下降趋势明显。职业间的性别分布变化显著,表现为一方面女性不断向管理层、技术层的职业领域扩张。虽然男性仍在"单位负责人"和"专业技术人员"等具有高权威和高声望的职业中具有明显优势,但是女性在这些职业中的从业比例大幅上升。后者表明提高女性受教育程度仍是降低职业性别隔离水平的重要途径;另一方面从农副业人员中解放出的女性主要向商业服务业人员转移,而男性则主要向产业工人转移。这一变化可能是由性别的自然禀赋差异所导致的社会分工不同,而并非受劳动力市场歧视的影响。职业内的性别隔离程度普遍下降,虽然"男性职业"近1/3,"女性职业"几乎不存在,但是女性在各个职业种类中的分布比例基本上均有不同程度的提高。我国各个省份的职业性别隔离水平差异较大,中部地区最低,东部地区整体偏高,而西部地区的职业隔离水平则呈现出两极分化。     

上海女性人口职业技术教育问题初探

职业技术教育直接关系到社会经济的发展。一般来说高速度的社会经济发展离不开高水平的生产技术工人,而高水平的生产技术工人又离不开各种教育,尤其是职业技术教育,两者有着密切的联系。 90年代,女性就业面对日新月异的经济发展和大规模的产业结构调整,面对市场机制运行下的激烈竞争,越来越需要较高的生产技能和迅速适应转向其他生产领域的能力。因此,女性就业将不再完全依靠     

从女大学生就业难看我国女性的就业变迁

就业是女性获得经济独立、进而赢得社会性别平等的重要渠道,教育则是女性拥有就业机会、争取良好职业的基础.但是近几年,女大学生就业难的问题却日益突显,成为社会大众和学术界关注的一个热点问题,吸引了社会学家、经济学家、公共管理研究者和女性研究者等诸多领域学者的关注.     

Past and future trends in population and development in Asia]

Population dynamics in Asia are reviewed using data from published U.N. sources. The author notes that, despite achievements in reducing fertility, Asia faces formidable problems because of its high population density, shortages of arable land, and young age distribution that will further increase population size. The difficulties in achieving satisfactory rates of socioeconomic development in such circumstances are stressed.     

Social class and socio-economic differentials in divorce in England and Wales

Summary The characteristics of a national sample of over 2,000 couples who divorced in 1979 are analysed according to the social class and socio-economic position of the husband. The demographic variables investigated for social class and socio-economic differentials include ages at marriage and divorce, duration of marriage, previous marital status, family size and the presence of a pre-maritally conceived child. In addition, an age-standardized measure, the 'standardized divorce ratio' is used to summarise the relative rates of divorce for the different social classes and socio-economic groups. Using this measure, the rate of divorce for couples in Social Class I is only half that for the average couple, whereas for couples in Social Class V and couples in which the husband is unemployed it is more than double.     

Gender differences in identity processes and self-esteem in middle and later adulthood

Gender differences were examined in the identity processes of identity assimilation (maintaining identity despite age changes), identity accommodation (changing identity) and balance (using both processes) and in the relationship of these processes to self-esteem. We tested a community sample of 222 adults (131 females and 91 males) ranging from 40 to 84 years of age (M = 57.5, SD = 12.1). Analysis of variance yielded evidence showing greater use of identity accommodation for women. Identity accommodation was negatively associated with self-esteem for both genders, while identity assimilation was positively associated with self-esteem for women only. For both men and women, identity balance was positively related to self-esteem. Women's use of the identity processes in relation to self-esteem is discussed. Societal views on aging are suggested to impact women, such that they engage in identity accommodation while benefiting from identity assimilation. From these findings, it appears that examining the processes contributing to the maintenance of self-esteem may be a more useful approach to characterizing the aging process and gender differences than focusing on mean differences alone.     

Intermediate variables and educational differentials in fertility in Korea and the Philippines

This analysis compares the effects of contraceptive use and infant and fetal mortality on the pace offertility in Korea and the Philippines and explores the mediating effects of these intermediate variables on educational differentials in childspacing. For birth intervals initiated in a recent period before a sample survey, second, third and higher-order intervals are examined. Transitions within successive segments of interval exposure (q _xvalues) are examined rather than cumulative transitions (1 - l _xvalues). This methodological choice is substantively important because breastfeeding should primarily affect early segments of exposure and because it allows empirical examination of the timing of the effects of other variables such as contraceptive use. Further, this choice allows multivariate analysis within the structure of the life-table perspective. The results show substantial differences in patterns between Korea and the Philippines, indicate clearly the effect of each intermediate variable, and illustrate how educational differentials in fertility are affected by contraception and infant and fetal mortality.     

Gender Differences in Identity Processes and Self-Esteem in Middle and Later Adulthood

ABSTRACT

Gender differences were examined in the identity processes of identity assimilation (maintaining identity despite age changes), identity accommodation (changing identity) and balance (using both processes) and in the relationship of these processes to self-esteem. We tested a community sample of 222 adults (131 females and 91 males) ranging from 40 to 84 years of age (M = 57.5, SD = 12.1). Analysis of variance yielded evidence showing greater use of identity accommodation for women. Identity accommodation was negatively associated with self-esteem for both genders, while identity assimilation was positively associated with self-esteem for women only. For both men and women, identity balance was positively related to self-esteem. Women's use of the identity processes in relation to self-esteem is discussed. Societal views on aging are suggested to impact women, such that they engage in identity accommodation while benefiting from identity assimilation. From these findings, it appears that examining the processes contributing to the maintenance of self-esteem may be a more useful approach to characterizing the aging process and gender differences than focusing on mean differences alone.     

Trends in Numbers and Mortality at High Ages in England and Wales

In the paper new estimates of the numbers of deaths and death rates at ages 80 and over in England and Wales are derived for the period 1911–90. These estimates were made by applying the methods of extinct generations and reverse survival to data on deaths in 1911–90, and pensioners in 1990. Estimates are given for individual years of age. It is found that death rates at these high ages have been falling, slowly, for the last 50 years. The paper also gives information on the highest ages at death which have been recorded and verified.     

Differences in disability among older women and men in Egypt and Tunisia

Research on child survival and health has indicated disparities between boys and girls in selected Middle Eastern countries. Health disparities in later life are understudied in this region. In this article, we examine differences between women and men in later-life activity limitation in Egypt and Tunisia. Difficulty executing physical tasks is more common for women than for men in both study sites, although differences are smaller after adjustment for underlying illness. Differences in the difficulty of executing physical tasks also are sensitive to environmental controls in variable ways across the study sites. The findings caution against the sole use of reported disability in comparative studies of gender and aging.     

A brief report on hope in peace and war,and in good times and bad

The Hope Index is presented as a measure sensitive to significant cultural changes. In this set of case studies, hope was measured in 1988, the weekend of the Gulf ground invasion in 1991, and in the recession of 1992. Hope for peace increased the weekend of the invasion of Iraq during the Gulf War in comparison to hope measured in 1988. Hope for peace increased in college students, in their mothers, and in their fathers. Hope for increased national productivity increased during the 1992 recession, as well as during the Gulf invasion, but only for mothers and fathers. The increased hope and expectation of peace and increased hope and expectations for productivity are discussed in terms of a need theory of hope, the availability heuristic, and in terms of coping strategies.