艾滋病对老年人的影响

研究表明,艾滋病的流行对老年人有直接影响(自身感染)和间接影响(子女感染的影响)两种基本途径。目前,中国艾滋病病毒感染者中,50岁及以上者已经超过1/10,而且增长很快。艾滋病导致老年人的生活水平下降,加深老年贫困,社会排斥使他们遭受巨大的精神压力。另一方面,老年父母向感染艾滋病病毒的子女提供了多方面的支持,是对社会的间接贡献。社会应给予受艾滋病影响的老年人以关怀和帮助。     

国内外滋艾病的传播

1981年美国诊断出首例艾滋病。20年来,艾滋病病毒在全球范围内迅速传播。联合国艾滋病规划署发表的《2004年世界艾滋病报告》指出,全球感染艾滋病病毒者从2001年的3500万人增长到2003年的3800万人。亚洲人口占全球的60%,仅2003年一年,亚洲就有110万人感染艾滋病病毒,印度达51万人。因此,亚洲防控艾滋病对全球至关重要。拉丁美洲有160万感染者,在中欧和中亚,130万人已感染艾滋病病毒。美国的感染者从2001年的90万人增加到现在的95万人。同期,西欧的感染者也从54万人增加到58万人。目前,安全套只能满足60%的需求,到2015年全球需要190亿只安全…     

论艾滋病病毒传播对女性健康的危害——泰国的经验及其对我国的启示

据联合国艾滋病规划署估计,到1996年7月中旬,全世界大约有2180万人正在感染艾滋病病毒或正患艾滋病,其中2040万(94％)在发展中国家。在感染的成人中,女性比例已迅速上升至42％(达880万)。因此,艾滋病病毒传播对女性健康的危害已成为国际社会和学术界关注的焦点问题之一。 亚洲的成人人口占世界成人的60％,1995年,全世界新增加的270万艾滋病病毒感染者中,约100万(平均每天3000多新感染者)发生于东南亚。现在,南亚、东南亚地区艾滋病病毒感染的人数已是所有工业化国家总数的2倍。因此,亚洲对全球艾滋病流行具有重要影响。由于有关泰国艾滋病病毒流行的报道及其模式的研究在亚洲和全世界居前列,而且泰国的经济     

全球艾滋病流行与防治

全球艾滋病的流行已进入第三个 1 0年 ,对社会造成了巨大的破坏 ,严重阻碍了社会的发展。根据世界卫生组织 (WHO)和联合国艾滋病规划署 (UNAIDS)的估算 ,2 0 0 2年底全世界的HIV/AIDS感染者已达 42 0 0万人 ,仅 2 0 0 2年就有 5 0 0万例新感染者 ,其中包括 80万年龄在 1 5岁以下的儿童 ;2 0 0 2年有约 31 0万人因HIV/AIDS死亡 ,其中妇女占 39%。1　全球艾滋病流行的地区分布亚太地区 :现有约 72 0万HIV/AIDS的感染者 ,2 0 0 2年亚洲和太平洋地区约 1 0 0万人新感染艾滋病病毒 ,比 2 0 0 1年增加了 1 0 %。流行情况显示 ,亚太地…     

艾滋病ABC

与艾滋病病人及艾滋病病毒感染者的日常生活和工作接触不会感染艾滋病。由于对艾滋病缺乏深入的了解，一些人对艾滋病谈虎色变，对艾滋病病人及其感染者采取歧视、回避和排斥的态度。事实上在日常工作和生活中与艾滋病病人及其病毒感染者的一般接触（如握手、拥抱、共同进...     

我国中部地区农村流出人口艾滋病预防知识、态度、行为分析

近年来,我国艾滋病疫情仍呈上升趋势。流动人口的数量和规模日益增长是艾滋病流行加剧的一个非常重要的促进因素,国内多个地区的艾滋病检测数据表明,流动人口HIV感染者均超过检测出的总感染人数的2/3,且新发现的感染者以流动人口为主,"流动人口‘艾’情紧急",流动人口艾滋病防治已经成为我国艾滋病防控中亟待强化的重点之一。为进一步了解流动人口     

启动“爱心四项活动” 积极参与艾滋病预防

自1981年美国发现首例艾滋病患者以来,HIV(人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病病毒)在全球正以惊人的速度蔓延,并已逐渐演变成当前迫切需要解决的全球性问题。预防艾滋病已经不再是一个单纯的卫生问题,它正对人类社会进步、经济发展以及政治稳定构成严重威胁。据中国卫生部与世界卫生组织、联合国艾滋病规划署共同对中国艾滋病开展的流行病学调查结果显示,目前我国HIV感染者已达84万人,其中艾滋病病人8万人,虽然占总人口的比例不高,但感染人数据亚洲第二位,全球第十四位。     

贵州校外青少年高危行为与艾滋病易感性调查研究

贵州自1993年发现首例艾滋病病毒感染者以来,HIV感染者便以极快的速度蔓延,并且出现了感染者由高危人群向一般人群扩散的趋势。本研究立足于13-24岁的校外青少年群体,以贵州织金县太平社区、六盘水市人民西路社区/铜仁市太平村为例,通过对三个调查点校外青少年高危行为与艾滋病易感性的现状与特点进行分析,针对这一群体步上高危行为的原因提出对策思考,目的主要是呼吁社会去关注、关爱这一特殊群体。     

人口流动与艾滋病传播

从生物医学的流行病学理论来看,人口流动对传染病传播在理论上具有推波助澜的作用,尤其是对于通过感染者和易感人群接触就能传播的传染病,流动的易感者有更大机会接触到传染源;同理,流动的传染源也更有机会接触到易感人群。这一理论在各种传染病案例中都得到了验证。在艾滋病研究领域,最流行的观点也秉承了传染病学中的经典理论——认为人口流动是艾滋病蔓延的重要＂推手＂之一。     

加大预防艾滋病的力度

艾滋病 (AIDS)由艾滋病毒 (HIV)感染，是死亡率极高的传染病。自 1985年我国发现首例以来传播迅猛，形势严峻。从 1985年到 2000年 9月底，全国累计报告 HIV感染者 20711例，其中艾滋病病人有 741例，死亡 397例。艾滋病患者中，男性占 82. 3％，女性占 15. 9％，性别比为 5. 2∶ 1。据 2000年第三季度监测报告，全国 HIV感染人数比上年同期增长 8. 9％，性别比为 3. 7∶ 1，女性感染比重呈上升趋势，此期广东、广西、四川、湖北、浙江等省区人数上升。 　　当前全国约有 50多万人感染 HIV病毒，这对我们近 13亿人口的大国来说，属低…     

Health and Cultural Determinants of Voluntary HIV Testing and Counseling Among Middle-Aged and Older Latina Women

The rate of cases of HIV/AIDS in older people is increasing; indeed one out of every four people with HIV/AIDS is over age 50. This study describes the correlates of HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) using structural equation modeling techniques for a sample of 135 middle-aged and middle-aged and older Latinas in South Florida. Over 60% of participants had been tested for HIV. Provider endorsement was found to be the strongest predictor of VCT (odds ratio [OR] = 6. 38), followed by having a clinic as a regular source of healthcare (OR = 3.88). Social work implications are provided.     

"But of course he is led by God": pastoral influence on an HIV/AIDS ministry

HIV/AIDS is spreading more rapidly in black communities than any other in the United States, with black women being 23 times more likely to become infected than any other subgroup in the country. Some African-American churches are becoming involved by creating HIV/AIDS ministries that cater to various needs of local populations. Through an examination of deictic markers, this article analyzes ideologies surrounding HIV/AIDS and the pastor's influence on the HIV/AIDS ministry at College Street Baptist Church.     

No One Is Immune: A Community Education Partnership Addressing HIV/AIDS and Older Adults

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of new HIV diagnoses among people aged 50 to 64 in the United States, and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in just 7 years (by 2015) 50% of those living with AIDS will be aged 50 or older. To address this public health concern, viable HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment options for individuals over the age of 50 are necessary. This article discusses the No One Is Immune initiative that planned, implemented, and coordinated evidence- based HIV/AIDS prevention and education programs specifically tailored for middle-aged and older adults. Guided by the health belief model, an educational conference entitled "Sexuality, Medication, and HIV/AIDS in Middle and Later Adulthood" was conducted along with research activities that assessed HIV/AIDS knowledge gained using both qualitative and quantitative measures. This project can be replicated by other providers within the aging network.     

流动人口行为特征及其空间过程与HIV/AIDS扩散

流动人口的行为特征及其空间过程是HIV/AIDS扩散的重要因素之一,其行为特征的高危性和流动性使流动人口成为HIV/AIDS的易感人群,在其流动的空间过程中与不同类型人口的相互接触,当发生与HIV/AIDS人群的高危行为时,一方面容易使自己感染HIV;另一方面,流动人口成为HIV携带者后与其他人发生高危行为则会成为HIV的传染源之一,其结果是导致了HIV/AIDS在感染者数量和感染空间上的扩散。因而,针对流动人口高危行为特征及其空间过程提出防控HIV/AIDS扩散的对策是可行的。     

AIDS in China

Most recent official statistics indicate that there was a cumulative total of 133 AIDS cases in mainland China through the end of October 1996 and 5157 people infected with HIV. Official statistics also indicate continuing increases in recent years in the number of people with AIDS and people infected with HIV, and that the incidence of infection is growing in China. HIV has been found to have been transmitted in China through IV drug use, sexual activities, from mother to child, and through transfusions and the use of blood products. Important risk factors for the spread of HIV in China include high population density, a considerable transient population, drug use, prostitution, blood transfusion, the improper sterilization of medical instruments in rural areas, changes in people's sexual attitudes and behaviors, and lack of information on safe sex. The Chinese government reports having taken considerable steps to check the spread of HIV/AIDS and supports communication and education as an essential tool in the fight against the epidemic. Life expectancies in China's provinces and municipalities are listed.     

AIDS in China

Although 10,676 people were officially reported to be infected with HIV on China's mainland by the end of June 1998, experts estimate that more than 300,000 Chinese are actually infected with HIV in China. They also believe HIV continues to spread in alarming fashion. Two thirds of reported HIV infection cases live in rural China, and nearly one third of the 301 people diagnosed as having AIDS have died. About 10% of all HIV infections occurred among teenagers under age 19 years old, with most infected through IV drug use. 60% of teens who responded to a survey in 1997 did not possess correct basic knowledge about AIDS, and 21% did not know how to protect themselves from contracting HIV.     

Uncovering the impact of the HIV epidemic on fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Malawi

We evaluate the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the reproductive behaviour for all women in Malawi, HIV-negative and HIV-positive alike, allowing for heterogeneous response depending on age and prior number of births. HIV/AIDS increases the probability that a young woman gives birth to her first child, while it decreases the probability to give birth of older women and of women who have already given birth. The resulting change in the distribution of fertility across age groups is likely to be more demographically and economically important than changes in the total number of children a woman gives birth to.     

The United Nations on the Demographic Impact of the AIDS Epidemic

A report prepared by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and released in Geneva on 27 June 2000 (just prior to the XIIIth International AIDS Conference held in Durban, South Africa) updates estimates of the demographic impact of the epidemic. It characterizes AIDS in the new millennium as presenting “a grim picture with glimmers of hope”—the latter based on the expectation that national responses aimed at preventing and fighting the disease are in some places becoming more effective. According to the report, which emphasizes the considerable statistical weaknesses of its global estimates, the number of people living with HIV/AIDS in 1999 was 34.3 million (of which 33.0 million were adults and 1.3 million were children under age 15; slightly less than half of the adults affected, 15.7 million, were women). Deaths attributed to AIDS in 1999 amounted to 2.8 million, bringing the total since the beginning of the epidemic to 18.8 million. These figures represent moderate upward revisions of earlier UN estimates shown in the Documents section of PDR 25, no. 4. The revised estimate of the number of persons newly infected with HIV in 1999 is, in contrast, slightly lower: 5.4 million, of which 4.7 million were adults and 2.3 million were women. An excerpt from the 135‐page Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, focusing on countries in the worst‐affected area, sub‐Saharan Africa, is reproduced below. (Figures shown have been renumbered.)     

Are young people in the Philippines taking chances with HIV / AIDS?

The numbers of AIDS cases and HIV infections detected in the Philippines have risen slowly but steadily since the first AIDS case in the country was diagnosed in 1984. By the end of 1995, 234 AIDS cases and 470 HIV infections had been reported to the country's Department of Health. However, given the limited extent to which people have been tested for HIV infection, there are most likely many more cases than reported. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading within the Filipino population. The country's substantial commercial sex trade, reports suggesting that many unmarried young men have sexual intercourse with girlfriends and acquaintances, and IV drug use among a small number of young people are factors which contribute to the potential for a serious HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Philippines. Findings from the 1994 national Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study, a household survey covering 10,879 men and women aged 15-24 years in 959 different communities, are presented. Almost all respondents had heard of AIDS, but there was some degree of ignorance and misinformation on the modes of HIV transmission. 13% of all single men reported having had only one sex partner, 10% reported two or more partners, and 3% reported five or more. 98% of sexually active men had heard of condoms, 58% knew that condom use can protect against HIV infection, 23% reported ever having used one, and 4% reported using a condom during the most recent act of sexual intercourse.     

Knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS among community-living older women: reexamining issues of age and gender

Although older women face unique risks related to HIV/ AIDS, little empirical data is available regarding HIV/AIDS among women over the age of 65. In the present study, 160 community-living older women and men completed questionnaires regarding knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS. Findings showed that although older women were less likely to talk to their physician about HIV than men, they maintained greater knowledge and generally dispelled myths about viral transmission. However, most older women believed that HIV/AIDS had limited personal relevance, possessed virtually no knowledge of age and gender specific risk factors, and professed HIV-associated stigma. These findings highlight the need for gender and age specific prevention programs.