世界三大一神教的关系

世界三大一神教犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教 ,三者关系非常密切。它们都发祥于中东的闪族即闪米特人 ,原属同一个先民 ;都反对偶像崇拜、多神崇拜 ,只信仰一个主宰宇宙万物、至高无上的造物主。三教在耶路撒冷都有圣迹 ,都自称是自己的圣城。但同时 ,三教又构成为中东问题的主要症结     

疾病、卑湿与中古族群边界

中古时期南方卑湿的恶名有一定事实基础,同时也体现北方主流文化圈对南方的想象与偏见。在中古疾病观作用下,人们对南土卑湿有强烈的恐惧。随着南北方交流增多,此观念亦产生变化,其过程与南方各地经济、文化发展程度相关;作为文化符号,其变化体现了族群边界的动摇与转移。因此,南土卑湿是一个地理环境问题,也是一个疾病问题,更是一个文化问题。     

一神教,还是单一主神教?——也谈古代埃及阿吞崇拜的性质

本文认为,尽管在埃赫那吞统治时期阿吞崇拜"昌盛",但从当时的具体宗教实践看,阿吞崇拜既不像拉、阿蒙崇拜时期的严格意义的单一主神教,也不是纯粹的一神教,至多可以说是在强烈政治氛围笼罩下埃及神学在一神教方面的一次尝试.     

“基督教与欧洲民族”——论题引介

<正>公元400至1000年的欧洲历史常被称为"中世纪早期",或者因为在这一时期基督教占据着绝对主导的地位,而被称为"中古前期基督教"。受启蒙运动的影响,人们常称其为黑暗世纪的序幕,     

国家民族主义与欧洲一体化研究

本文从“国家民族主义”这一概念出发,运用民族学、政治学、历史学等多学科手段论证了国家民族主义与欧洲一体化之间的密切关系,指出欧洲在一体化进程中遭受的挫折,实质上是欧洲各国在国家民族主义驱使下所产生的不同利益要求导致的结果。因此,国家民族主义有促进一体化的一面,也有使一体化停滞不前的一面。     

欧洲的一体与多元:人类学的表述与实践

20世纪中叶以来,人类学家让人类学回到其起源地欧洲,在反思殖民主义、民族主义、身份认同、传统与科技、全球化与地方化等诸多概念的同时,系统实践了小型社区的研究方法,坚持地方性实践的千差万别和社会文化的多样性。种种迹象表明,欧洲人类学研究可能预示着人类学学科的一次重要转向。     

欧洲右翼政党兴起与难民政策的关系探究

本文以欧盟11个国家的18个右翼政党及26个极右翼政党难民政策为样本,考察难民政策在欧洲右翼政党竞选中所发挥的作用,以期为近年欧洲右翼政党群体性崛起提供解释。由于难民涌入增加了欧洲社会负担和不安全感,主流政党处理难民问题态度消极,难民融入政策效果有限。通过强调紧缩的难民政策,右翼政党充分调动了民众不满情绪影响选举结果。经分析可知,难民政策对右翼政党选票的增加具有重要影响。     

欧洲安全防务政策的人类学与政治学分析

欧洲安全防务政策(ESDP)是欧洲一体化进程的重要一环。本文试图从人类学与政治学的角度分析ESDP产生与发展的内在逻辑与动因,采用了将几种主要的欧洲一体化理论分别对ESDP进行解释并相互比较的方法。结果证明,主要立足于“欧洲联邦”政治理念的联邦主义和立足于国家中心思想的政府间主义都无法充分揭示并说明ESDP的基本逻辑,而新功能主义拥有的独特原理——“功能需要引起结构变化”与其核心概念——“外溢”机制可以对ESDP的内在逻辑与基本动因做出合理的解释。     

欧洲少数民族权利保障的发展历程与特征分析

欧洲民族关系的复杂性,使少数民族人权问题成为维护国内稳定和地区安全的重要问题,受到欧洲各国的普遍关注。欧洲少数民族权利保障的历史源远流长,自近代以来大致经历了五个阶段的发展。二战结束以来,围绕建立少数民族权利的欧洲标准和制度框架,欧洲各国在少数民族权利保障方面开展合作,并通过欧安组织、欧洲委员会和欧盟等3个区域性国际组织的政策、法律和工作机制,建立起了独具特色的欧洲少数民族权利保障模式。欧洲对少数民族权利的保障,实现了少数人权利保护的道义责任和价值追求,其制度与经验值得总结和借鉴。     

Consequences of religious and secular boundaries among the majority population for perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities in Western Europe

While the concept of symbolic boundaries and ethnic boundary-making is well established in social research, the direct consequences of these boundaries for the integration of migrants have not received much attention. This paper thus analyses whether religious and secular boundaries of national belonging among the majority population have an impact on perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities in Western Europe. To analyse this linkage, data from the International Social Survey Programme measuring the importance of religion as a symbolic boundary of national belonging among the majority have been aggregated as a regional context condition and combined with a Muslim minority subsample from the European Social Survey. The results of the multilevel models reveal that the salience of religious boundaries is associated with less perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities, while secular orientations among the majority seem to be more decisive for subjective perceptions of feeling discriminated against. Overall, the results thus challenge the role of religion as an ethno-religious demarcation and point to the relevance of secular boundaries of belonging for immigrant integration.     

藏族传统宗教中的灵魂观念与祖先崇拜

文章主要对藏民族传统宗教即苯教、佛教和民间宗教中的灵魂观念以及早期的祖先崇拜问题进行考析,主要探究藏族灵魂概念在不同时期、不同宗教中所具有的意义和内涵,同时还比较了早期藏族祖先崇拜和后期民间宗教中祖先崇拜的遗存,认为后期的地域神和五守舍神都同早期的祖先崇拜有密切的关系。     

Gendered Mobilities and Work in Europe: An Introduction

Gendered Mobilities and Work in Europe is an interdisciplinary collection of papers that, together, analyse the gendered aspects of migration and the labour market in Europe. The empirical research presented in this special issue of JEMS incorporates labour market sectors designated as both high- and low-skilled and points to shifting gendered employment opportunities and working conditions for contemporary labour migrants. The papers demonstrate how both national and regional policy frameworks intersect with specific employment sectors and different typologies of migration to produce varied outcomes for male and female labour migrants even when employed in the same sector.     

The politics of evidence-based policy in Europe’s ‘migration crisis’

ABSTRACT

Increased migration across the Mediterranean to Europe during 2015 was associated with growing interest in generating new research evidence to assist policymakers in understanding the complexities of migration and improve policy responses. In the UK, this was reflected in funding by the Economic and Social Research Council for a Mediterranean Migration Research Programme. Drawing on evidence from the programme, this volume explores the nature of Europe’s ‘migration crisis’ and the extent to which the development of new migration management policies was grounded in evidence about the causes, drivers and consequences of migration to Europe. The authors conclude that there is a substantial ‘gap’ between the now significant body of evidence examining migration processes and European Union policy responses. This gap is attributed to three main factors: the long-standing ‘paradigm war’ in social research between positivist, interpretivist and critical approaches which means that what counts as ‘evidence’ is contested; competing knowledge claims associated with research and other forms of evidence used to construct and/or support policy narratives; and, perhaps most importantly, the politics of policymaking, which has resulted in policies based on underlying assumptions and vested interests rather than research evidence, even where this evidence is funded directly by European governments.     

The Power of Ethnic Nationalism: Foucault's Bio-power and the Development of Ethnic Nationalism in Eastern Europe

Although the ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’ brands of nationalism are frequently contrasted, the origins of the civic/ethnic dichotomy remain under-theorised. By building upon Michel Foucault's The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, this article argues that, during the eighteenth century, the articulation of power shifted across the board from a pre-modern control over the ending of life, to a modern expression of power as control over the production of life (dubbed ‘bio-power’ by Foucault). Given the Foucauldian claim that power is built upwards from ‘its most infinitesimal mechanisms’, it is suggested that expressions of bio-power were first enacted in that social structure most amenable to biological manipulation—the family—and then expanded upwards towards the widest understanding of a kin collective—the ethnic group. As the shift to bio-power took hold, so too did visions of the political nation-state begin to take shape in Eastern Europe. A fusion of doctrines of self-determinism with the expression of power as ‘control over the production of life’, then saw the ethnic nation-state gain credence as a social and political construct in Central and Eastern Europe. This article takes Romania as a case study through which the mechanisms of this exploratory argument can be illustrated.     

Orientalism and Russian speaking minority regions in Europe: representing Narva

ABSTRACT

This paper uses the concept of orientalism to propose a framework for understanding the relationship between international news media and individual representations of minority groups in Europe. Even though the case study focuses on Narva, Estonia, the model here provides a basis for comparing the identity formation practices, particularly of geographically separated Russian speaking minority groups in Europe. Narva’s large Russian speaking population and geographical proximity to Russia have been pinpointed as security concerns due to the convenient source of information and mass media sponsored by the Russian Federation causing a misrepresentation of Russian speaking minority groups in international media.     

新疆宗教格局探索

多种宗教并存是从古至今新疆宗教演变最基本的特点。不同历史时期,新疆多种宗教并存格局呈现不同的特点。依次呈现以佛教为主的多种宗教并存格局;以佛教和伊斯兰教为主的多种宗教并存格局;以伊斯兰教为主的多种宗教并存格局。     

Seeking refuge in Europe: spaces of transit and the violence of migration management

ABSTRACT

In the past few years, spaces of transit have become prominent sites for people seeking refuge in Europe. From railway stations and parks in European cities, to informal settlements around Calais, to the hotspots in Italy and Greece, the movements of people and the techniques that govern them are at the heart of what has been misnamed the ‘European refugee crisis’. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork, this article takes spaces of transit as a vantage point for interrogating the relationship between mobility, migration management and violence, focusing on the fracturing of journeys due to forced and obstructed mobility both outside and within the EU. We develop the notion of ‘politics of exhaustion’ to highlight the impact and protracted character of these forms of migration management – its accumulated effects over time and across spaces – yet without reducing people seeking refuge to passive victims. Struggles for mobility are closely related to the existence and continued adaptation of migration management practices. The notion of fracturing can thus be employed not only to make sense of the violent effects of migration management but also the ways in which conventional conceptions of state and citizenship are challenged by the emergence of alternative living spaces, communities and politics.     

Emplaced mobilities: Lisbon as a translocality in the migration journeys of Punjabi Sikhs to Europe

The arrival in Portugal of recent migrants from the Indian subcontinent is normally a secondary movement from within Europe tied to the search for a regular pathway into legal integration in the EU. However, as favourable migration policy is not paired with easy economic integration onward migration is common. We argue that such complex migration strategies cannot be amply explored through an origin–destination model; instead we suggest that a translocal perspective provides a framework to examine connections and experiences of emplacement in places of passage/reception like Lisbon. Through a qualitative study of the migration journeys and emplaced practices of Punjabi migrants in Lisbon, our findings highlight relationality between multiple scales, elucidating how agency and structure interact at micro and macro levels in shaping migration experiences and outcomes. We show how the materiality of local community structures ensures the navigation of daily life in the city and provides pathways toward legality contributing to wider mobility regimes. Moreover, we illustrate how onward migration represents an individual strategy to realise different aspects of integration in other EU destinations challenging nation-state-bound understandings of citizenship/settlement and integration.     

论民族概念的政治属性--从欧洲委员会的相关文件看"民族"与"族群"

“民族”是一种多元、多维和多层的综合性的社会存在 ,因此 ,随着观察者的立场、视角和背景的不同可得出不同的结论和定义。本文仅根据欧洲委员会的相关文件中使用“民族”和“族群”的情况 ,从考察欧洲法律文书对相关概念的界定和使用入手 ,探讨“民族”的政治属性 ,并以此展示近几年在国内广为流行的“族群”与“民族”的关系问题。充分认识“民族”的政治属性 ,将有助于我们消除在对待“民族”概念上的一些误解 ,有助于提高对民族平等和民族团结的理性认识 ,在实践上有利于各民族在国家层次上的整合