“盟主-成员”型战略联盟的利润分配

"盟主 成员"型战略联盟是企业战略联盟的主要形式之一。而利润分配问题是战略联盟矛盾的焦点。本文分别探讨对称信息和非对称信息条件下"盟主 成员"型战略联盟的利润分配问题。     

新经济背景下合资企业与战略联盟的区别

从企业战略角度,以合作战略的两种形式--合资战略(joint venture strategies)和战略联盟战略(strategic alliance strategies)的差别性为分析对象,尝试认识在新经济背景下企业战略创造价值的两种不同方式.合资战略和战略联盟作为两种战略行动,共性是基于合作行为的资源配置方式,属于合作战略的范畴;但两者的差别体现出对企业而言截然不同的价值创造过程.合资战略本质上是企业组织内部化战略的结果,即在组织形式上趋向于母子公司之间关系,价值创造呈降低成本导向机理;战略联盟本质上是企业间关系变化的结果,这种企业间关系以协调为特征,既不同于市场交易关系,也不同于组织内部的层级关系,是内部层级市场和外部产权交换不可替代的产物,价值创造呈潜在的利润导向机理.     

中外企业合作的战略联盟特征与技术学习

战略联盟是企业获取或学习创新能力的一种重要的策略和组织形式, 中国的技术(密集) 型企业正试图通过战略联盟进入高新技术领域, 中外企业合作成为首选的方式. 本文将战略联盟区分为市场型和技术(开发) 型联盟, 中外企业联盟在很大程度上是市场联盟而不是技术联盟, 其技术学习首要的表现在管理、生产知识以及专业人才培训上的知识转移. 作为市场型联盟, 在技术(资金) 密集型产业中, 中外企业合作主要选择的联盟治理形式是股权联盟—— 合资. 这与国际战略联盟得出的一般性结论有根本区别, 这为理解发展中经济和发达经济     

企业战略联盟的动因分析和模式的选择

面对快速变化的市场环境,在要求企业拥有快速灵敏的应对能力的同时,企业的竞争地位不再完全取决于公司内部所拥有的能力和资源,而在相当程度上取决于与世界范围内其他公司或企业所结成的战略联盟网络的广度和深度。本文首先概述了企业战略联盟及其形态演进;其次,阐述了企业战略联盟形成的原因、并对企业战略联盟的模式进行分析。     

不同竞合模式的战略联盟形式选择

利用多阶段动态博弈方法来探讨不同竞合模式的联盟形式选择问题，得出如下结论：从产业产量最大化角度，政府部门愿意让企业选择只在R＆D阶段合作的R＆D联盟形式；从R＆D费用水平最小化角度，企业会选择不联盟；从企业联合利润最大化角度，如果全联盟的利润大于半联盟的利润，企业选择R＆D联盟和产销联盟形式；反之，企业选择R＆D联盟形式；从企业利润最大化和R＆D费用水平最小化角度，企业会在R＆D阶段选择R＆D联盟形式后，在生产销售阶段选择领先战略     

顾客参与公司治理与公司相互持股的比较研究

通过顾客参与公司治理与公司相互持股的比较研究,从企业战略联盟的角度,得出了顾客参与公司治理实质上是代表了一种新型的企业战略联盟类型——治理权战略联盟——的结论,它与现有的包括公司相互持股在内的股权型战略联盟和契约型战略联盟相比更具生命力和优越性。在当前经济总体上由短缺经济过渡到过剩经济、卖方市场变成买方市场的背景下,通过顾客参与公司治理的形式在供需双方间建立治理权的战略联盟必将成为越来越多企业的现实选择。     

联盟还是并购:基于环境动态性和企业家精神调节作用的研究

通过分析吉利集团和比亚迪公司的案例,探讨了联盟战略、并购战略作为获取外部技术的2种有效途径,其作用受到外部环境动态性、企业家精神以及二者交互影响的问题,并构建了相应的理论框架。研究结果表明,当外部环境动态性高时,企业应选择联盟战略作为主导技术获取方式;当内部企业家精神高时,企业应选择并购战略作为主导技术获取方式;企业家精神高的企业在环境动态性高时,应选择并购战略来获取技术。     

企业战略联盟的期权博弈分析

本文认为,企业建立战略联盟实质上是构建了一个战略投资的期权博弈实现方式,从而可以灵活应对高度不确定的市场环境和技术研发失败的风险.企业战略投资具有高度的不确定性、不可逆性及专用性,因此不能为了降低交易成本选择一体化在企业内部的治理方式,而应根据所能实现的期权博弈战略价值,选择较灵活的治理模式(如战略联盟),以最大化实现这类投资的战略期权价值.由联盟双方对联盟资产的估价而决定的联盟期权的"市场价格"和由联盟双方讨价能力决定的联盟期权的"执行价格"共同决定了联盟期权执行时的价值;联盟期权等待的灵活性价值与博弈占先战略价值相均衡之处决定了对联盟期权执行的最佳时机.     

战略联盟的稳定性边界研究

战略联盟的高失败率决定了联盟稳定性研究的重要性.在一个专业化理论框架下,联盟的稳定性是由企业对于专业化水平和协作模式选择的动态决策过程所内生的,联盟的稳定性边界决定于投入联盟的资产专用属性、市场交易的效率和交易价格比以及战略联盟内部的交易效率.     

食品安全检测知识产权联盟的SWOT分析及发展战略选择

知识产权联盟是代表企业、单位的知识产权权利人基于共同的战略利益,以一组相关的知识产权为纽带达成的联盟。联盟内部的企业实现专利的交叉许可,通过制定技术标准实现对外的专利技术授权许可,风险共担,利益共享。本文以食品安全检测知识产权联盟为例,通过SWOT-AHP分析,研究了联盟成员以及联盟所面临的优势(S)、劣势(W)、机会(O)和威胁(T)分析和识别,在此基础上建立了SWOT战略矩阵框架和战略选择方案。     

联盟控制方式对伙伴知识获取的影响研究:来自我国医院间联盟的证据

越来越多的组织依赖于战略联盟作为知识获取的平台,但理论研究对于不同类型的联盟控制方式如何影响伙伴知识获取仍然关注不足。本文采用一般组织理论分析方法,探讨正式的契约控制和非正式的信任机制对伙伴知识获取的直接与交互作用。来自国内190家联盟医院的数据分析表明,善意信任、能力信任促进了伙伴的知识获取,而契约控制与知识获取间呈现先增强后减弱的非线性关系。此外,有关交互效应的统计结果表明,善意信任与契约控制在促进伙伴知识获取的过程中相互替代,而能力信任与契约控制则互为补充。     

Strategic technology alliance termination: An empirical investigation

There is growing consensus that overall alliance termination rates are high. However, despite this track record of termination and despite unsurpassed growth rates of strategic technology alliances, little is known about the reasons for their termination. Typically strategic alliances have been characterized as inherently instable, i.e. often involving unplanned and premature termination of the alliance by partnering firms indicating alliance failure. The literature on strategic technology alliances, however, proposes that alliance termination does not always indicate failure, but can be intended and can be a sign of strength. We examine these different perceptions by using a sample of 48 strategic technology alliances in different high-technology industries. The findings in the paper confirm that the rates of termination are rather high for strategic technology alliances. Overall, we found that in particular negative prospects about future cooperation, negative perceptions about joint benefits and the lack of a win-win situation had an impact on the decision to terminate a strategic technology alliance. Also, the fact that some companies opt only for short-term (not for long-term and renewed) cooperation seems to introduce a negative factor into the longevity of strategic technology alliances.     

联盟企业的战略导向与知识获取——控制机制使用的中介与干预作用

探讨了联盟企业的控制机制使用对于其战略导向与知识获取间关系的中介与干预作用.目的在于揭示不同控制机制使用对于联盟企业的战略导向与知识获取间关系的影响效果及作用机制.通过对389家联盟企业的实证研究发现,信任控制是市场导向与知识获取的中介变量,也是企业家导向与知识获取的正干预变量;契约控制是企业家导向与知识获取的中介变量,却不是市场导向与知识获取的负干预变量.该项研究结论对于发展战略联盟管理文献、促进联盟企业的知识获取具有重要的理论价值与实践指导意义.     

Competition,formal governance and trust in alliances: An experimental study

We study the role of alliance governance in the behavior of partners in alliances with different degrees of competition. Using data from a lab experiment on 1,009 alliances and 31,662 partners' choices, we explore whether and how alliances succeed in different competitive scenarios, contingent on the use of formal governance mechanisms (termination clauses) and the number of partners in the alliance. We find that trust, an informal governance mechanism, emerges as a complement to formal governance in order to establish success in our experimental alliances, especially when competition is high. In particular, we document the significance of “trust-building” in initial stages and “trust repair” in later stages of our experimental alliances.     

Strategic Alliance Outcomes: a Transaction‐Cost Economics Perspective

Empirical research on strategic alliances has been limited because previous studies examined alliance outcomes, and the factors associated with them, from a single partner in a manufacturing alliance. Furthermore, many of these studies have been done from a transaction cost perspective and researchers have inferred opportunistic behavior, rather than directly measuring it and observing its actual relationship with alliance performance. Building on previous transaction cost theory and research, this study seeks to address these gaps by analyzing factors associated with both opportunistic behavior and alliance performance within a major service sector, namely the US healthcare industry. After controlling for asset specificity and alliance age, we found that partner trustworthiness and contractual safeguards were negatively related to opportunistic behavior. Furthermore, opportunistic behavior was negatively related to alliance performance, as hypothesized. Interestingly, mutual equity investments were found to be unrelated to opportunistic behavior, counter to transaction‐cost logic. These findings refine and extend the transaction‐cost economics perspective regarding our understanding of strategic alliance behavior and outcomes, and offer executives in service‐based industries some practical ideas for assuring favorable strategic alliance outcomes.     

Relational stability and alliance performance in supply chain

Drawing on the theories of social exchange and goal interdependence, this paper examines the antecedents of relational stability in supply chain alliances and if the stability affects alliance performance in supply chain in the context of manufacturing firms. The results show that both relational commitment and trust of supplier have positive effects on relational stability in supply chain alliance, which in turn positively affects the alliance performance. These results have important implications for researchers investigating the effectiveness of supply chain alliances as well as practitioners seeking to improve alliance performance in supply chain.     

Staying Close to the Core: Lessons from Studying the Costs of Unrelated Alliances in Spanish Banking

This article analyses whether alliances create shareholders value, and if this value differs depending on the similarity of the partners' businesses, or on the similarity of the partners' businesses with that of the alliance. Using data from 467 equity and non-equity based strategic alliances from 1996-1999 involving at least one listed Spanish bank, we find that, overall, alliances create shareholder value, but that the returns to shareholders are significantly higher when alliance activity is closer to the core business of the banks, than when alliances involve unrelated activities. Although there is no evidence that unrelated strategic alliances destroy value on average, the results obtained show that banks need to assess the benefits and costs of diversification strategies carefully, as their likelihood of success is initially smaller.     

How Japanese partners help US manufacturers to raise productivity

Cross-border alliances are useful strategies for technological innovation and as a basis for the adaptation of foreign technologies. This study provides evidence that through strategic alliances US automotive firms are effectively adopting manufacturing technologies from Japan, and are adapting them to the US industrial context.

The results show that US firms without foreign affiliations use fewer modern manufacturing technologies than US firms with Japanese strategic alliance partners. Furthermore, US firms with Japanese strategic alliance partners believe that manufacturing cycle times for product introduction are more efficient that US firms without foreign affiliations.     

The Alliance formation process

While interest in developing strategic alliances within the food system continues to increase, there remains considerable risk when firms adopt such a cooperative strategy. The risk is due in part to the lack of concrete guidelines that illustrate the steps or stages of alliance development and the important strategic and operational decisions required at each stage. The existence of such guidelines would facilitate alliance formation and enable managers and researchers to better understand alliance practice. This paper provides an alliance formation model that incorporates the process of alliance formation with the strategic and operational considerations required for long term success. The model can be used by managers and academicians to develop and understand alliances.