试析伊斯兰经济思想

伊斯兰教重视人的现实物质利益和现世人们的现实生活,鼓励人们在不违背真主旨意的条件下享受现实人生.在这一精神的影响下,伊斯兰教高度关注现世生活,积极调整人与人之间的经济利益关系,最终形成伊斯兰经济思想.     

伊斯兰世界经济两极化之我见

伊斯兰教在某种程度上促进了伊斯兰经济发展，但独特的伊斯兰经济发展模式不能简单地用现有的西方经济发展理论来诠释。伊斯兰世界的经济两极化主要由于资源分配不均、经济结构不合理、生产力水平参差不齐、国有企业效率低下、政府职能限制经济发展和地缘政治等因素造成。阿拉伯一伊斯兰各国在全球经济一体化的影响下，中东经济正积极探索和实施其经济发展新途径，以期缩小经济两极化的差距，实现可持续发展。     

伊斯兰世界经济两极化之我见

伊斯兰教在某种程度上促进了伊斯兰经济发展,但独特的伊斯兰经济发展模式不能简单地用现有的西方经济发展理论来诠释.伊斯兰世界的经济两极化主要由于资源分配不均、经济结构不合理、生产力水平参差不齐、国有企业效率低下、政府职能限制经济发展和地缘政治等因素造成.阿拉伯-伊斯兰各国在全球经济一体化的影响下,中东经济正积极探索和实施其经济发展新途径,以期缩小经济两极化的差距,实现可持续发展.     

阿拉伯社会基质试析

长期以来,伊斯兰精神凝聚在阿拉伯社会,并构成其独特的人文风格,伊斯兰教通过约1400年的传播与发展,已拥有10亿信徒。本文就阿拉伯社会基质——伊斯兰精神试作论析。 一、历史的选择和积淀 伊斯兰教首先在阿拉伯半岛深入人心,这不是纯精神运动的结果,而是其鲜明的入世性使它找到了与现世的契合点,因而在社会发展中被历史所选择。 7世纪初,阿拉伯半岛上的小规模原始农耕经济和游牧经济造就了阿拉伯人豪侠、尚武,喜爱自由的个性,其传统文化因而带有这些色彩。在此之前,战争屡屡发生,毁坏了商道,加剧了社会危机,人们渴求把争权夺利、四分五裂、各自为政的部落群体统一成强大的民族国家,在这一历史条件下,伊斯兰教应运而生。这种新的宗教满足了人们精神及物质上的适度需求,它的力量基础来源于对安拉忠贞不二的信仰。伊斯兰教给散沙似的阿拉伯民族带来希望与民族自尊,给了阿拉伯人一个精神支柱,由此建立了政教合一伊斯兰公社,并完成了经济模式的初步改革。     

我生活过的中国

伊斯兰经典的汉译运动 明末清初,中国江南回汉杂居地区的经济最为发达,一场将伊斯兰教经典译成汉文的运动便在这里开始了.     

阿拉伯人的绘画艺术

伊斯兰教产生后，阿拉伯人吸纳了其他民族的绘画艺术成果，形成阿拉伯伊斯兰绘画艺术，后虽受到古典、波斯和中国等绘画艺术的影响，但却一直保持着它的伊斯兰风格，到倭马亚朝和阿拔斯朝，已臻成熟。但由于伊斯兰教禁止偶像崇拜，阿拉伯人的绘画主要以插图、宫廷生活画和书籍装饰等形式出现。     

全球化与伊斯兰教：文明的冲突？

通过对全球化潮流对伊斯兰世界的影响、伊斯兰世界对全球化的反映及全球化形势下的伊斯兰世界与西方的矛盾进行了分析、阐述后认为：全球化是现代化运动的继续和深化，是冷战后以美国等西方发达国家为主导的国际经济市场的发展。伊斯兰世界兴起的伊斯兰原教旨主义思潮及其复兴运动是对这种源自西方现代化过程的否定、批判和抵制，是对当前全球化运动所做的一种强硬回应。各种文明间存在着差异、矛盾和冲突，但绝不是一些人预见意义上的冲突。把伊斯兰教等同于威胁西方的原教旨主义不仅错误，而且危险。     

伊斯兰信用经济思想探析

基于公正与平等理念的伊斯兰信用思想作为伊斯兰教经济思想的重要内涵,彰显了丰富的伦理内涵,但在全球化、金融一体化的浪潮中亦呈现出其阻滞伊斯兰社会金融发展、滞缓其全球化进程的因子,凸显了宗教伦理与经济发展的二元张力。伊斯兰教在留存其信用经济思想丰富伦理内涵的同时,也应依据创制精神对其加以阐释,以更好地应对全球化金融浪潮。     

伊斯兰信用经济思想探析

基于公正与平等理念的伊斯兰信用思想作为伊斯兰教经济思想的重要内涵,彰显了丰富的伦理内涵,但在全球化、金融一体化的浪潮中亦呈现出其阻滞伊斯兰社会金融发展、滞缓其全球化进程的因子,凸显了宗教伦理与经济发展的二元张力.伊斯兰教在留存其信用经济思想丰富伦理内涵的同时,也应依据创制精神对其加以阐释,以更好地应对全球化金融浪潮.     

伊斯兰远征动因试析

公元7世纪,阿拉伯人在伊斯兰教旗帜下征服四方,是人类史上最富有戏剧色彩的章节之一,它打败了波斯帝国,震撼了拜占庭帝国的基础,奏响了阿拉伯帝国的序曲,成为中世纪的一个里程碑.伊斯兰远征的动因,历来是人们所关注的一个热门话题,也是一个长期争论不休、众说纷纭的问题.其实,伊斯兰远征的动因,不是,也不可能是单一的,而是各种因素综合作用的结果.     

什叶派十二位伊玛目生平考

本文对有关什叶派十二位伊玛目的史料进行了梳理，通过引用西方学者和伊斯兰学者（尤其是伊朗学者）对十二位伊玛目的评价，来进一步认识和了解十二位伊玛目以及什叶派的历史。     

‘Upholding the Banner of Islam’: British Converts to Islam and the Liverpool Muslim Institute,c.1887–1908

Much has been written in recent years about the life of William Henry Abdullah Quilliam, late-Victorian propagator of Islam in Britain and founder of the Liverpool Muslim Institute (LMI). However, little attention has been given to Quilliam's fellow British Muslim converts, who constituted Britain's first indigenous Muslim community. This article briefly looks at the LMI as a missionary organisation. It then quantifies and examines the socio-demographics and post-conversion lives of the British Muslim community. It argues that individual commitment to both the LMI and Islam was affected by discrimination and misunderstanding of Muslims and their faith in society. However, by considering the fate of the Muslims following the LMI's demise, it is shown that a core of resolute converts held fast to their beliefs and played an important role in the consolidation of Islam in early twentieth-century Britain.     

Human Needs and Satisfactions: A Global Survey

Are peoples all over the world satisfied with their lives, howdo they view the future, and what are their attitudes towardissues that currently bear on their lives or will affect themin the future? Thirty members of the Gallup International ResearchInstitutes conducted surveys sampling two thirds of the world'spopulation to measure human needs and satisfactions. Economicwell-being, health, and family life are the major concerns inall regions of the world, but current concerns and hopes forthe future are different in the developing areas from the moreadvanced industrial regions.     

Isolated, invisible, and in the closet: the life story of a Scottish Muslim lesbian

In the last three decades, there has been a significant growth in the literature on lesbian identity and relationships, but the study of lesbians from a Muslim background is conspicuously absent. This article was prompted partly by the relative absence of research into the lives of Muslim lesbians in Britain, and partly by the fact that much of the literature on Islam and homosexuality has tended to focus on homosexual men, ignoring the position of lesbian sexuality in Islam. It also charts the difficulties faced by a heterosexual researcher in conducting an interview with a lesbian and calls attention to the invisibility of self-identified Muslim lesbians in Glasgow. The life story interview is used to explore the very hidden and untold story of a Muslim lesbian; as such the article draws heavily on the subject's narrative.     

Anti-muslim sentiment on social media in China and Chinese Muslims’ reactions to hatred and misunderstanding

This study documents the extensive online anti-Muslim sentiment in China as well as the use of social media by Chinese Muslims from various backgrounds to engage with the online public sphere and respond to this hostile discourse. We analyzed more than 10,000 social media posts on Weibo relating to Muslims and Islam and conducted in-depth interviews with 34 Chinese Muslims who were active users of social media. Our findings reveal an anti-Muslim online frame, and we detail the ways in which Chinese Muslims have sought to influence public policy in order to protect their rights. The participants in this study responded to hateful posts and worked to increase the understanding of their religion and culture by providing glimpses of their daily lives and by discussing Islam. Nevertheless, owing to government censorship and to the prevailing Han-centric discourse, Chinese Muslims continue to face numerous risks and challenges, particularly in coping with the ideological conflict between their religion and the atheistic ruling party.     

Knowledge and education for peoples’ sovereignty

ABSTRACT

Living examples of peoples’ sovereignty can illustrate the path toward positive people-centred alternatives to control by the capitalist State, wealthy private land-owners and corporations. Efforts to undermine Indigenous and other peoples’ sovereignty have been deliberate and continue to take place in industrialized and ‘developing’ countries. Yet peoples’ sovereignty has the capacity to unite and educate people in important ways. Many examples of education to promote peoples’ sovereignty are emerging, building on the knowledge that communities have generated over time. This is a very different educational model than the one most commonly recognized and implemented in industrialized societies. People working in higher education everywhere have the responsibility to educate our students about the history of colonization and destruction of peoples’ sovereignty, so that they understand the real history of their countries, to build alliances with other educators globally, and to form bonds of solidarity with peoples’ movements.     

Ainu right to education and Ainu practice of ‘education’: current situation and imminent issues in light of Indigenous education rights and theory

Several years have passed since the adoption by the United Nations of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Yet, what changes have happened in the lives of Indigenous peoples for whom the Declaration was written? This paper employs a framework of Indigenous educational theory to focus on the case of the Ainu of Japan and examines what kind of changes could be happening vis‐à‐vis Ainu education but are not. I explain the current stalled state of deliberations regarding implementation of the UNDRIP, outline the current resource base for an Ainu‐run education system, and argue that it is the duty of the Japanese government to provide the infrastructure and expertise necessary to implement such an educational initiative, as well as to aid the Ainu in overcoming ‘internalized oppression’ which currently hampers many Ainu from embracing their Ainu identity and thereby vocally advocating their rights to an Indigenously driven Ainu education. I briefly touch upon the relevance of the Ainu situation to other Asian Indigenous peoples and contend that the Ainu case provides one useful watermark for comparison with other Indigenous peoples’ scenarios.     

Recalling the ‘Islam of the parents’ liberal and secular Muslims redefining the contours of religious authenticity

Scholarship on Islam in Europe has largely invested in examining the generational dynamics in the lived religious experiences of Muslims. Within this perspective, the idea of a generation gap, which revolves around a distinction between ‘tradition’ and ‘religion’, has figured as an important account in assessing some of these religious transformations. Drawing on fieldwork with Belgian Muslims of Moroccan origin, this paper seeks to nuance this perspective by exploring accounts wherein this ‘traditional’ Islam of the parents is actively reclaimed. This was especially the case for respondents who were quite critical of Islamic revivalist trends. In many of these stories, the parents’ Islam was understood as tolerant and open, in a way that was consonant with ‘tradition’. By focusing on these narratives, a first aim of the paper is to understand how genealogy and ancestry figure as distinct criteria in determining the ‘real Islam’. A second aim is to complicate the understanding of the liberal and modern self, and its relationship to the past.     

‘It feels as if time has come to a standstill’: Institutionalised everyday lives among youth with a mental illness

This paper focuses on the everyday lives of young people with a severe mental illness living temporarily at a social psychiatric housing facility in Denmark. In the paper we take a temporal approach to the analysis of this and we draw on Henri Lefebvre’s work on rhythm analysis to investigate the differences between the rhythms of everyday life within the institution and the rhythms of what is perceived as the everyday life of ‘ordinary’ youth. We also show how digital technologies play a central part in these institutionalised everyday lives by creating connections as well as disruptions between different time-spaces. Centrally, we point to the positive and negative consequences this has for the young peoples’ sense of self. Empirically, the paper is based on a four-month ethnographic fieldwork at the housing facility in 2014.     

Islam and development: opportunities and constraints for Somali women

This article describes the effects of the rise of Islamic extremism on women's lives in Somalia since the early 1990s. Throughout the conflict and afterwards, Somali women's organizations in different parts of the country have been active in both development work and advocacy for peace. They were challenging both the government and nongovernmental organizations to recognize and promote the role of women in society, and to resist threats to women's rights. It has been documented that religious extremists were challenging women's rights within marriage and family, to their economic and political participation outside the home, and to their freedom of dress and behavior. The paper also highlights the fact that wholesome and unwholesome traditional practices tend to be associated with Islam, and with other rights as defined in Islam. It reconfirmed that the violations against Somali women's rights are culturally rooted, and that such practice continues unchecked. Until Somali women received a better education, particularly in religious education, this situation will continue. The only hope are the women's organizations who seriously attempt to redress the extremists' strategy of marginalizing women on the grounds of religious evidence.