发展老龄产业:应对人口老龄化的一项重要战略

背　景2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,伴随着计划生育工作的不断深入开展 ,我国开始了人口老龄化的过程。 2 0 0 0年 ,我国 6 0岁以上老年人口占总人口的比例达到 1 0 2 % ,标志着我国已经进入了老年型国家的行列。在新的世纪里 ,我国的人口老龄化过程仍将继续。据预测 ,2 0 30年 ,我国 6 0岁以上老年人口数量将由目前的 1 3亿增加到 3 1亿 ,占总人口的比例提高到 2 0 42 % ;2 0 5 0年 ,6 0岁以上老年人口数量及其在总人口中所占比例将分别达 4 6 8亿和 2 7 71 %。老年人口数量的急剧增长和比例的迅速提高 ,引起了全社会的关心和重视。江泽民同志…     

老龄化与知识经济

在中国 ,老龄化不断加深的过程与经济增长方式转向以知识为基础的过程是紧密地交织在一起的。在老龄化背景下建设知识经济 ,与在知识经济背景下人口的老龄化是两个相互作用的因素。只有尽快提高全体国民的受教育水平 ,才能消除老龄化带来的负面影响。     

Gender and Aging in the Developing World: Where Are the Men?

In recent years, both population aging and gender issues have gained prominence in international forums concerned with population. It is frequently asserted or implied that older women are universally more vulnerable to social, economic, and health disadvantages than older men. The most significant manifestation of this exclusive concern with women when considering gender and aging is the Plan of Action adopted by the Second World Assembly on Aging in 2002. The assumed relative disadvantage of elderly women is commonly attributed to gender differences in earlier life experiences. But are older women truly disadvantaged globally with respect to all or most essential aspects of well‐being? The authors provide empirical evidence that clearly shows that older women are not invariably disadvantaged vis‐à‐vis men. In particular, they call into question the wisdom and equity of a virtually exclusive emphasis on the needs of women when incorporating gender concerns into policies and programs related to aging. A more balanced perspective that recognizes gender as a potential, but not necessarily central, marker of vulnerability for various aspects of well‐being in specific settings and times, and that allows for male as well as female disadvantage, would serve the current and future elderly generations far better.     

政府、企业和非营利机构在发展老龄产业中的角色

2000年我国60岁及以上人口达到1.3亿,约占人口的10.2%,这意味着我国已进入了老龄化社会.据预测,2015年我国60岁及以上老年人口数将超过2亿,到2055年将达到峰值4.4亿.     

发展慈善事业,破解老龄化困境

随着用于弥补养老金缺口的财政补贴逐年增大,我国未来财政不足将严重制约老龄事业的发展。受公共物品非效率性和道德风险的双重制约,仅靠政府独立负担养老金的政策已无法有效应对我国日趋严重的老龄化问题。结合慈善事业发展的特点和趋势,从"政民结合"视角探讨发展慈善事业对于解决我国老龄财政困境的可行性和必要性,并提出相应的对策建议。     

Driving,Communicating and Working: Understanding the Work-related Communication Behaviours of Business Travellers on Work-related Car Journeys

Abstract

Despite an increasing number of workers requiring to travel extensively in carrying out their work, there are significant gaps in knowledge related to how business travellers make use of journey time. This paper addresses this gap in knowledge by examining the journey-time behaviours of business people travelling by car on work-related journeys. One of the central focuses of the paper is on the extent to which business travellers use mobile communication technologies and the extent to which they experience a pressure to remain in ‘perpetual contact’ with colleagues and clients while travelling.     

Women,Aging, and Cancer

Women over 65 bear high risk for developing cancer. The risk for developing most cancers grows'with increasing age. Of the 1.13 million people estimated to develop cancer in 1992,362,000 (32 percent) will be women over 65 years old (American Cancer Society, 1992). The few early detection and prevention programs that have focused on this age group have found that the women often have problems with utilization, misconceptions, and plain lack of correct information. Treatment for women over 65 with cancer may differ from that for younger women because of age bias, comorbidity, stage of disease at time of diagnosis, and a lack of research on women of this age. Even quality of life and survivorship for the woman over 65 become issues due to the lack of knowledge about how women over 65 view these concepts. The Healthy People 2000 Report has developed goals for a healthier society by the year 2000. The priority areas in relation to cancer include reduction in cigarette smoking, dietary changes, greater utilization of early detection mechanisms, and decreasing exposure to occupational and environmental carcinogens. Implementation of these goals should affect future generations in terms of healthy aging: however, specific programs do need to focus on the woman over 65 and her present needs which will impact current and future health status.     

Women,Aging, and Schizophrenia

SUMMARY

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder of unknown etiology that typically has an onset in early adulthood and persists for the remainder of the life span. For most affected individuals, the illness is recurrent with psychotic symptoms that tend to be episodic in nature. The illness has pervasive and disruptive effects on many life domains; for example, women with schizophrenia are less likely to marry, bear children, and raise their own children than are women in the general population. The age of onset of schizophrenia is later on average in women than men, and women are overrepresented among those who develop the illness after the age of 45. Among younger patients with schizophrenia, women tend to have less severe symptoms than men and better outcomes; however, there are fewer gender differences among older patients with schizophrenia. Older women with schizophrenia are vulnerable to problems of both schizophrenia and aging. Schizophrenia symptoms typically continue in later years and include ongoing psychotic symptoms. Problems of aging such as cognitive decline and chronic medical conditions may be exacerbated by schizophrenia and the disorder is associated with premature mortality. Older women with schizophrenia are at risk for neglect of psychiatric and other health needs that are further compounded by limited social support and low socioeconomic status. More research and clinical attention is needed for the problems of older women with schizophrenia.     

Aging and Gender:

Social science literature on aging has assumed without empirical basis that women experience greater continuity in their lives than men and that this is beneficial to women in the process of aging. This research explores the issue of continuity in values over the life course and the relationship of values to a sense of meaning attributed to one's life over the life course. Thirty life history interviews of men and women over the age of sixty-nine were conducted. Differences in values were found between men and women. Men experienced less continuity of values, less continuity in sources of meaning in Life, and more dissatisfaction in the process of life review, but for most men the lack of continuity was not a source of dissatisfaction in old age.     

Women and Aging:

After an analysis of a 1985 Canadian national survey, a lack of conclusive results encouraged the researchers to examine how traditional research has failed women in terms of ignoring- ag-e.. gender, class, race, and sexual orientation. In additih, alternate research methodoloeies based on aualitative and feminist principles are discussed in order to direct future research.     

Women and Aging:

No abstract available for this article.     

Older Lesbians: Experiences of Aging,Discrimination and Resilience

Older lesbians are, at minimum, a triple threat of marginalization due to ageism, heterosexism, and sexism. A national survey specific to this often-invisible population has not occurred in over 25 years. The present study was completed to reveal the needs, strengths, and experiences of the current cohort of older lesbians. Four hundred fifty-six older lesbians responded to an online survey on topics including sociodemographics, social activity, health, sexual identity, family relationships, romantic relationships, service/program use, mental health, end-of-life care, and discrimination. The results and implications are included as well as a comparison to the last studied cohort.     

Demography,Culture, and Policy: Understanding Japan's Low Fertility

Insights into the causes of Japan's prolonged and sharp fall in total fertility rate come from comparing Japan with France. The two countries share dirigiste administrative approaches, family policy reform undertaken under the auspices of pragmatic right wing parties and justified on pronatalist grounds, and involvement of demographic experts in crafting and shepherding such policies. But the countries differ with respect to their total fertility rates (France 1.98, Japan 1.29) and the effectiveness of their family policies. Thus comparing them can help identify areas of divergence that might explain these differences and assist in the project of theory building. Several salient explanations are rooted in Japan's labor market: it exacts high opportunity costs from parents who interrupt their careers to raise children, keeps ideal workers from having much time for their families, assumes and reinforces a traditional gender ideology, and hires few young workers into good jobs.     

Women and Healthy Aging:

No abstract available for this article.