农户家庭人口特征与健康投资——基于四川阆中的农户调查分析

利用大样本农户调查数据,分析不同家庭人口特征下农户的健康投资水平。结果发现：家庭性别比例对农户健康投资水平的影响不具有显著性：而家庭人口规模、家庭代际分布和家庭人口负担时农户健康投资水平都具有显著影响;户整体健康投资水平随着人口规模的扩大不断提高。但户人均健康投资水平却呈现相反的趋势：户健康投资水平随着农户家庭代际数的增加而提高;轻负担家庭农卢的健康投资水平最高,纯劳动力家庭农户健康投资水平最低。文章最后提出了有关政策建议。     

当代中国户籍制度改革的探索

我国现行的户籍制度从诞生发展到今天 ,大致经历了三个阶段。这一户籍管理体制与现行的社会经济体制存在着许多不协调的方面 ,户籍改革是必要的也是可能的 ,而改革的基本思路集中在这几个方面 :1.逐步实行一元化户籍 ;2 .由现行的户口登记逐步过渡到人口登记 ;3.尽快在全国范围内实现对人员流动的开放管理 ;4.与经济体制改革配套     

Household extension of the elderly in China

Using data from a 1987 elderly survey, this study examines demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as expressed preferences for the patrilineal extended family as factors affecting coresidence among Chinese elderly. Consistent with expectations, three quarters of the elderly live with their children and the overwhelming majority of extended households are with a married son and grandchildren. This study contributes to the literature on Asian developing nations by illustrating the role of a government supported pension system in explaining prior perplexing results for urbanization, by documenting the role of preferences for the patrilineal extended family and by exploring earlier suggestions that factors vary by marital status. The greater vulnerability of widowed elderly is shown not only by higher rates of coresidence, but also by interactive effects with economic resources, age and number of sons.     

Leaving the parental home in Australia over the generations: Evidence from the Household,Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (Hilda) Survey

The decision to remain in or leave the parental home represents the first housing career choice of young people. In this paper, we examine the parental home leaving outcomes for Australian birth cohorts in the twentieth century using recall questions contained in the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. The findings from survival analysis and hazard function modelling is that a continuous, gradual reduction in the age of first leaving the parental home in Australia is evident up to the 1947–51 birth cohort, followed by stability and then a rise in age of first leaving home for the most recent birth cohorts. Birth cohort effects remain significant even after other measured determinants of parental home leaving are taken into account. The paper confirms the strong roles that education, family background and ethnicity have on parental home leaving outcomes.     

The Elderly and the Extended Household in Portugal: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

Portugal, a southern European country, is expected to exhibit a relatively large proportion of extended households. However, following some general trends associated with large social transformations, Portugal is also expected to have an increasingly larger proportion of nuclear families. We use data from the eight waves of ECHP (European Community Household Panel), covering the years from 1994 to 2001, to establish whether these expectations are justified. Among the nuclear households that include elderly members, we isolate those corresponding to single-person households, since they are particularly relevant for policy purposes. Separate analyses are carried out for the elderly with health problems and for those with no health problems, in order to detect different patterns of living arrangements. We also project the living arrangements until 2005, based on an age-period-cohort analysis. We find that the extended households are a very significant form of living arrangement with reference to the Portuguese elderly, and a living arrangement whose importance is not declining over time. In particular, the oldest old constitutes the group that tends to be found living most frequently in extended households, while those with health problems start much earlier than those with no health problems to live in extended households as they grow older. The proportion of individuals aged 65+ living alone has somewhat decreased, but the proportion of this type of household largely increases with age.

Household Budgets as a Social Indicator of Poverty and Inequality in South Africa

In the absence of a universally accepted method of calculating poverty, household expenditure can be used to provide an indication of inequality of wealth and serve as an indicator of poverty. Household expenditure comprises expenditure of private households on goods and services, irrespective of their durability. The portion of household budgets allocated to different types of goods and services provides an indication of the material standard of living of a population. The article discusses different definitions of poverty and compares the state of poverty according to these definitions in selected countries. This is followed by an analysis of South Africa’s economic position in the world and a comparison of the household budgets and demographic profile of South African households that fall into different income groups in order to identify the differences between the poorest and the wealthiest households in South Africa. Income inequality in South Africa is further elucidated by means of the Gini coefficient. A comparison is also made between the household budgets of the poorest households with the minimum financial living level requirements in South Africa to maintain their health and have acceptable standards of hygiene and sufficient clothing for their needs.     

小城镇人口状况与小城镇户籍制度改革

目前小城镇普遍存在人口规模偏小的问题。小城镇中实际的非农业人口数要比统计数多5 0 %左右。预计在小城镇增加的非农业人口中 ,70 %以上在东部地区。在今后相当一个时期内简单依靠小城镇户籍制度改革 ,对农村城镇化的推动作用有限     

深圳市户籍迁移制度改革经验与成效研究

本文通过对深圳市立市以来30年的户籍迁移改革过程进行研究,总结了深圳市户籍改革的推进方式与沿革路线,分析了深圳市户籍迁移制度改革对深圳市的产业结构调整与人口素质提升的作用。本文提出了深圳市户籍迁移改革的四个发展阶段,认为深圳市户籍迁移改革对促进产业结构调整、控制人口规模、提升人口素质、改善人口性别等方面成就显著,其经验值得借鉴与推广。     

Household fertility responses following communism: Transition in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

In central Europe fertility fell during transition from centrally planned to market oriented economies. Families reevaluated fertility plans facing new wages, reduced child-care subsidies, and economic uncertainty. Using micro-data from 1984 and 1993 in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, this paper relates fertility changes following Communism to wages, pricesand risks. Earnings have little impact on fertility timing during transition, though age, job uncertainty, and children conceived during Communism do. In the Czech Republic, changed fertility demand parameters account for much of thefall in fertility. In Slovakia a sizable proportion results from predictable responses to changed incentives.I would like to thank my Czech collaborators Pavel Mahonn, Petr Mateju, and Jiri Vecernk for enabling this empirical work to proceed; T. Paul Schultz, and Jenny Hunt and seminar participants at Yale University, the NEUDC, and the Population Association of America annual meetings and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. I am also indebted to the Mellon Foundation Area Studies Grant program for financial support allowing field work on this topic. I am wholly responsible for all errors. Responsible editor: T. Paul Schultz.     

Metabolism and Driving Forces of Chinese Urban Household Consumption

This study was aimed at developing a better understanding of environmental pressure of urban household consumption in China. First, we introduced the concept model of household metabolism. Using this model, we analyzed the changes of Chinese household metabolism during the last 20 years. Rather than taking into account all aspects of household consumption, we just focused on water and energy metabolisms. After exploring the clearly increasing trends of urban household metabolism in China, we identified the underlying driving forces as biological/physical factors, economic/marketing factors and demographic factors. In conclusion, we suggest that additional work must be carried out in a wider range of household activities and at more advanced research levels in China.     

农村人口年龄结构变动对居民消费的影响研究--以西北五省为例

计划生育政策实施以来,我国人口年龄结构发生了剧烈变动,农村居民消费严重不足,扩大内需成为新常态下我国经济发展的战略方向。基于2001～2013年省际面板数据,运用一步系统广义矩估计法,实证研究了西北五省农村地区人口年龄结构变动对农村居民消费的影响,结果显示：西北五省农村少儿抚养比和农村老年抚养比均与居民消费呈同向变动关系,有效地支持了生命周期假说;城镇化水平与农村居民消费则呈负向关系。     

小区域家庭户预测的理论、方法与应用

小区域人口和家庭户预测越来越受到学界和社会各界的重视 ,但该领域的研究受方法论和数据可得性等的限制 ,还存在许多没有解决的问题。而且发展中国家的综合家庭户和人口预测更是少见。本文应用近年来有关家庭人口学、区域人口学、小区域人口估计的理论和方法的最新成果 ,采用多维动态宏观家庭户预测模型ProFamy,对中国两个区域泰和县和深圳特区的人口和家庭户进行了同时、一致的预测。通过实际应用 ,提出了小区域家庭户预测的理论、方法和应用的一些思考     

中国老年人储蓄对家庭消费的影响 ——基于CHARLS面板数据的分析

在我国快速老龄化和居民储蓄率居高不下的背景下,结合老年人储蓄偏好和消费特点,构建家庭消费计量分析模型,文章利用CHARLS2011、2013、2015年微观跟踪调查数据,采用工具变量—随机效应模型划分年龄层次和消费类别逐级估计,重点考察老年人储蓄对其家庭消费的影响。研究表明,老年人储蓄水平越高,对家庭消费的促进能力就越强;分城乡来看,农村老年人储蓄对家庭消费的贡献更大;按年龄组别来看,中、低龄老年人储蓄对家庭消费的影响显著,高龄老年人储蓄对家庭消费的影响不显著;按消费类别看,老年人储蓄偏重于家庭基本生活、教育文化、健康等刚性消费支出,城镇和农村老年人储蓄对不同消费类别影响的差异主要表现在日常支出、医疗保健和耐用消费品等方面。此外,研究还发现,老年人拥有房产对家庭消费具有非常明显的提振作用,家庭收入和老年人借贷对家庭消费的贡献显著。     

Uncontained subjects: Population and household in remote aboriginal Australia

The particular abstractions represented by the terms population and house-hold are central categories in modern demographic analysis. They form the organizing principles of national censuses in Western liberal democracies such as Australia, and profoundly influence both the collection methodology and the content of the collection instrument. This paper argues that these categories are founded on a particular metaphor, the ‘bounded container’, that broadly reflects the population and household structures of sedentary societies such as mainstream Australia. Bounded discrete categories are conducive to the collection of reliable census data in such societies, since unbounded behaviours can be controlled for by statistical means. However, remote Abprogoma; populations behave in radically unbounded ways. This paper proposes that the dominant metaphor underlying Yolngu (and much remote Aboriginal) sociality is, instead, the nodal network. It then explores the consequences of attempting to capture nodal network societies in terms of models based on the bounded container.     

城镇化与户籍制度改革过程中的计划生育政策定位问题探讨

论文回顾了 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,中国各级政府推进城镇化和改革户籍制度的一系列政策 ,分析了在这些政策中的计划生育政策定位问题 ,介绍了在这一过程中对违反计划生育政策人员的处理对策和一些新的改革动向 ,最后对一些问题提出一点建议     

城市户籍制度的边际性改革——兼论上海“居住证转户籍”政策的解读

本文在简要回顾上海地区户籍区域性改革历程的基础上。对城市户籍改革的边际性特点以及推动流动人口市民化的政策思路进行了系统分析。本文认为,让流动人口获得市民待遇的政策取向是“权利与义务对等”,同时考虑时间门槛。现阶段户籍仍然是调控城市人口发展的有效手段,应该建立起临时居住证→一般居住证→人才类居住证一户口的逻辑衔接制度,逐步由“选择”走向“普惠”,通过盘活现有资源,让渡部分利益以赢得更大的发展空间。     

移民控制、家庭策略：香港-内地跨境家庭研究

伴随香港内地经济社会联系的日益紧密,两地间的通婚越来越多。不协调的移民政策导致了香港一内地跨境家庭的形成,面对制度限制,跨境家庭采用各种家庭策略来维系家庭。文章运用定性研究方法对跨境家庭进行了研究。考察了跨境家庭的能动性。     

Trajectories of Fertility and Household Composition in the Demographic Profile of the Czech Republic

The household composition matrix is a representation of the demographic structure of households, specific to age groups of household members and household heads. As such, the matrix reflects also the environmental conditions, housing in particular, that mould households' demographic structure. By specifically depicting the presence of children in households, household composition could be viewed as gauging fertility within the context of housing conditions. This stance is examined in an application to Czech census data for the year 1991, at the commencement of an intense process of socio-economic transformation that accompanied the collapse of communism across Eastern Europe. Within this process, housing had an inadvertent impact upon the structure of households in general, and upon fertility decline in particular. By using the standard matrix representation of household composition, correspondence between trajectories of age-specific fertility and household composition emerge throughout the Czech Republic. This correspondence illustrates the potential household composition analysis carries for fertility measurement and estimation in rapidly changing economic environments.     

农民工入户意愿及其影响因素研究——基于2009年广东省农民工调查数据分析

本文运用logit统计模型,在广东省农民工入户政策的改革背景下,分析上层农民工群体的入户意愿及其影响因素。研究发现,入户意愿是农民工个体权利的合理化表达,其背后隐藏的是经济诉求、生活保障、权益表达等劳动力再生产的综合需求。是否拥有责任田、在本城市工作年限、是否有亲戚在工作地、对城市的归属感和生活的安定感是影响上层农民工入户意愿的主要因素,而受教育年限、收入和工作级别等因素对他们入户意愿的影响并不显著。     

Changes in household formation and composition in China since the mid-twentieth century

China has experienced great changes in household formation and composition since the mid-twentieth century, and its mean size of households has fallen from 54 persons in 1947 to 3.1 in 2005. Many of these changes, especially those taking place in the early years of the People’s Republic, have not been systematically investigated. This paper examines the impact of China’s major political, social, demographic and economic changes on household formation and composition. The study shows that changes in Chinese households have not followed a simple linear trajectory, but shown, considerable fluctuations. A drastic increase in the number of households and a sharp reduction in the mean size of households were recorded after the land reform in the early 1950s. In the next twenty years, high fertility was promoted by a generally pronatalist environment, and the mean size of households increased. Since the early 1970s, the nationwide family planning campaign has led to a rapid fertility decline and great chanes in kinship structure. The recent rise in rural-urban migration has also resulted in many unprecedented changes, and they have become major forces affecting household formation and family life in contemporary China.