营销渠道中双边专用性投资对合作创新绩效影响的实证研究

本文在资源基础理论拓展分析基础上,研究渠道伙伴之间双边专用性投资对合作创新绩效的影响.通过对国内340家制造商相关数据的实证分析,结果表明,双边专用性投资有利于合作双方正式契约的实施和关系信任的形成.同时,正式契约和关系信任与彼此之间的关系学习呈正相关关系,进而促进了合作创新绩效.另外,关系信任本身也促进了合作创新绩效.但是,正式契约与合作创新绩效之间的关系不是十分明显,必须通过关系学习这一中介变量才能对合作创新绩效产生影响.而且,与正式契约相比,中国企业应更加看重与合作伙伴关系信任的发展.本文的结论对于发展在中国情境下营销渠道的合作具有重要的意义.     

分销商弥补性投资对专用性资产防御的实证研究

在渠道关系中，分销商有时需要对特定供应商的关系做出专用性资产投资，但却难以对其实施有效的防御。本文提出了分销商通过弥补性投资开发供应商长期导向，改变分销商在供应商关系中的地位，从而实现对其专用性资产投资的防御。实证结果表明虽然分销商专用性资产投资与供应商长期导向负相关，但分销商通过弥补性投资，开发了供应商对关系的长期导向。同时调节了上述的负向关系。     

基于关系租金视角的营销渠道模式选择谱系及案例研究

在中西方学者对渠道模式划分的基础上,参考学者马君等提出的企业关系治理谱系,提出了基于关系租金的渠道模式选择最优区间。研究表明,渠道模式选择受到资产专用/互补性程度、关系复杂/信息和知识共有化程度和贴现率的影响,而关系租金是进行渠道模式选择的重要标准之一,准市场化渠道关系租金大于市场化渠道和一体化渠道,因此,建立长期关系导向的准市场化渠道是渠道发展的最终归宿和最高境界,渠道模式决策最终形成了基于资产专用/互补性程度、关系复杂/信息和知识共有化程度和关系租金的选择谱系。案例研究也表明,建立在长期关系导向基础上的准市场化渠道模式所进行的专用性投资、信息和知识共有化以及有效规制建设可以给合作成员带来单一组织无法产生的关系租金和竞争优势。     

企业供应关系的供应商专用性投资

企业间供应关系对关系双方的作用越来越为重要,长期的供应关系必定涉及到关系的专用性投资问题。本文利用委托代理模型,建立了企业供应关系模型,运行此模型,并对有关结论进行了分析,说明了不对称信息条件下,关系达到均衡时,供应商的专用性投资程度与关系双方的效用成正相关。     

与客户共享审计师会影响供应商的关系专用性投资吗?北大核心CSSCI

供应链关系专用性投资存在套牢问题,信息不对称的存在将加剧关系专用性投资的套牢问题,因此降低供应商与客户之间的信息不对称程度将有效促进关系专用性投资。本文验证了共享审计师这一信息中介的作用,以2009—2015年上市公司为样本,研究发现,与客户共享审计师促进了供应商关系专用性投资,且增加会计信息可比性、提升信任和传递软信息都是共享审计师促进关系专用性投资的路径。进一步分析结果表明,在客户行业集中度更高和供应商融资约束程度更高的情况下,与客户共享审计师对供应商关系专用性投资的促进作用更强。     

交易专项投资对伙伴机会主义行为影响的实证研究

以企业交易专项投资与伙伴强形式和弱形式机会主义行为的关系为研究对象,重点探讨其随伙伴交易专项投资水平和关系持续时间的变化趋势。以制造商营销渠道负责人和分销商采购人员为调研对象,通过问卷调查获得216组家电行业制造商-分销商配对样本数据,采用多元调节回归对假设进行验证。研究结果表明,随着伙伴交易专项投资水平的增加,企业交易专项投资会从引发伙伴两类机会主义行为转变为抑制伙伴机会主义行为,特别是企业交易专项投资对伙伴强形式机会主义行为的作用变化较为显著;随着交易关系的延续,企业交易专项投资始终增强伙伴的强形式机会主义行为,并不随关系持续而发生明显改变,但企业交易专项投资会从引发转变为抑制伙伴的弱形式机会主义行为。     

中国营销渠道中关系营销导向对企业关系型治理的影响

基于关系营销理论及渠道行为理论,以中国营销渠道中制造商与经销商之间的关系为研究对象,检验了制造商的关系营销导向(RMO)、企业间的私人关系状态和组织间关系之间的互动以及它们对关系型治理的影响.研究发现,在中国营销渠道中,①RMO的强弱对企业与其渠道伙伴共同制订计划没有影响,但会通过企业与其渠道伙伴的私人关系状态和组织间关系状态的中介作用对共同解决问题产生正向影响;②RMO对私人关系和组织间关系均存在显著正向影响,私人关系对RMO与组织间关系产生中介作用;③私人关系和组织间关系会对关系型渠道治理的共同解决问题有显著正向影响,私人关系对组织间关系与关系型治理机制有中介作用;④关系型治理无法抑制投机行为.     

VC治理行为中介作用下的关系专用性投资与技术创新绩效

以风险投资“关系型融资”机制为视角,立足资源基础理论与交易成本理论,在“关系租”起源与“关系型融资”价值创造机制探讨的基础上,构建关系专用性投资、VC治理行为与技术创新绩效关系整合模型,研究不同关系专用性投资属性对技术创新绩效的影响以及VC治理行为的中介作用.通过264家科技型创业企业调研所得数据进行实证分析,研究显示,实物型关系专用性投资与VC监控行为正相关,与VC增值服务负相关,VC监控行为与技术创新绩效负相关;知识型关系专用性投资与VC监控行为负相关,与VC增值服务正相关,VC增值服务与技术创新绩效正相关.VC治理行为在关系专用性投资与技术创新绩效的关系中具有部分中介效应.     

基于交易成本理论的中小企业数字化能力对供应链融资绩效的影响研究

基于交易成本理论,探索中小企业数字化能力通过降低机会主义影响供应链融资绩效的内在机制,同时分析资产专用性投资和关系专用性投资在中小企业数字化能力与机会主义之间的情境作用。通过对384家中小企业样本进行实证分析发现：中小企业数字化能力正向影响供应链融资绩效;机会主义在中小企业数字化能力与供应链融资绩效之间具有中介作用;资产专用性投资与关系专用性投资均会增强中小企业数字化能力降低机会主义的作用;当较高的资产专用性投资与关系专用性投资相结合时,会在一定程度上替代中小企业数字化能力对机会主义的抑制作用。     

专用性投资、治理机制与企业绩效——来自制造业上市公司的经验证据

专用性投资治理问题是近年来国内外关注的热点问题。本文利用2007—2009年沪深制造业上市公司的经验证据,探讨了专用性投资、治理机制与企业绩效之间关系。研究发现:(1)在专用性投资的治理机制选择上,关系治理机制比正式治理机制更有效率;(2)如果缺乏治理机制保护,专用性投资对企业绩效产生负面影响;(3)环境不确定性加剧了专用性投资被机会主义侵占的风险,技术水平在专用性投资和企业绩效之间起到了正向的调节作用。     

竞争关系下制造商专项投资对分销商机会主义行为的影响

以往研究仅关注了一对交易关系中,制造商专项投资对分销商机会主义行为的影响。本文引入制造商的竞争者,探讨了制造商与其竞争者专项投资水平的不对等对上述关系的调节作用。通过对家电行业276对制造商与分销商关系的实证研究发现:投入专项资产的制造商会采取吸收分销商专项投资的方式抑制其机会主义行为的发生。当制造商的竞争者也对分销商进行专项投资时,制造商与竞争者专项投资的不对等性明显改变了制造商专项投资对分销商机会主义行为的作用效果。本文的研究结论对于面临激烈竞争的制造商合理制定投资决策,减少分销商机会主义行为的侵害具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

Industry Implications of Value Creation and Appropriation Investment Decisions*

Managers face a critical task in making firm investment decisions that are targeted toward creating and appropriating value. As managers weigh their resource investment decisions, we argue that these investments have a direct impact on the growth and volatility of the firm's industry. With data covering 377 industries across 16 years, we investigate relationships for aggregate firm investments on the growth and volatility of industry profit and sales. Results reveal important, complex relationships between investment in value creation and appropriation and different elements of the industry environment. Implications for management theory and practice are discussed.     

Building Industry–University Research Centers: Some Strategic Considerations

This paper reviews the importance of industry–university relationships and the strategic considerations within the context of these partnerships in university research centers. We have identified several factors that are particularly important to industry in building relationships with university centers. These include: acquiring skills, knowledge and gaining access to university facilities; organizational cultures that are more organic; flexible university policies for intellectual property rights, patents and licenses; and the presence of champions. Firms also have explicit collaborative strategies for partnering with universities where firms can be segmented into three distinct clusters: Collegial Players, Aggressive Players and Targeted Players. Collegial Players are often large firms working with universities and university-sponsored consortia on topics of interest that have long-term value rather than promise immediate commercial opportunities. Aggressive Players are both large and small firms who employ university relationships specifically to develop and commercialize a wide range of marketable products and services. Targeted Players are often smaller firms, largely interested in using university relationships to address specific issues central to their business. We conclude by discussing key implications for both industry and universities.     

营销渠道成员行为的整合模型

合作、权力和冲突以及它们之间的关系历来为国外营销学者所关注。本文将着重介绍几个行为模型来加深对营销渠道系统管理的认识。合作、权力和冲突都是有助于加深理解营销渠道管理的概念,这三个概念和它们之间的关系为制定渠道管理策略和解决渠道中的问题提供了理论框架。本文首先通过对渠道中的合作、权力和冲突进行详细的阐述,进而推导出渠道成员整合的行为模型,在此基础上着手规划垂直渠道系统的营销策略。     

Lack of reciprocity among Dutch teachers: Validation of reciprocity indices and their relation to stress and well-being

This research presents the results of two related studies on the convergent and construct validity of three measures of reciprocity in exchange relationships at work. In Study 1, 71 Dutch teachers were interviewed about their specific investments and outcomes in the exchange relationships with their students, colleagues and school. ANOVA revealed that they reported significantly more investments than outcomes, and that the number of reported investments and outcomes mentioned varied as a function of the type of exchange relationship. Building on these results, multi-item scales were created to assess reciprocity at a detailed level for each of the three exchange relationships. Study 2 validated these specific reciprocity measures by relating them to two global assessments of reciprocity (convergent validity) as well as to measures of job stress and well-being (construct validity). LISREL-analysis of data obtained from a further sample of 224 teachers revealed that for each type of exchange relationship there were significant, consistent and meaningful relationships among the three reciprocity measures. Further, hierarchical regression analysis showed that the reciprocity measures were differentially related to job stressors and measures of well-being. Implications are discussed.     

Lack of reciprocity among Dutch teachers: Validation of reciprocity indices and their relation to stress and well-being

This research presents the results of two related studies on the convergent and construct validity of three measures of reciprocity in exchange relationships at work. In Study 1, 71 Dutch teachers were interviewed about their specific investments and outcomes in the exchange relationships with their students, colleagues and school. ANOVA revealed that they reported significantly more investments than outcomes, and that the number of reported investments and outcomes mentioned varied as a function of the type of exchange relationship. Building on these results, multi-item scales were created to assess reciprocity at a detailed level for each of the three exchange relationships. Study 2 validated these specific reciprocity measures by relating them to two global assessments of reciprocity (convergent validity) as well as to measures of job stress and well-being (construct validity). LISREL-analysis of data obtained from a further sample of 224 teachers revealed that for each type of exchange relationship there were significant, consistent and meaningful relationships among the three reciprocity measures. Further, hierarchical regression analysis showed that the reciprocity measures were differentially related to job stressors and measures of well-being. Implications are discussed.     

具有产能约束的网络型寡头垄断产业链中企业决策模型研究

从供应链角度研究产能约束往往忽视了企业间的横向竞合关系,本文构建了Stackelberg博弈模型,通过对下游企业采取的两种不同策略的比较,分析了具有产能约束的网络型寡头垄断产业链中企业的决策问题,并分析了网络外部性及价格歧视对企业决策的影响.研究表明:网络外部性对产业链内所有企业的产量决策产生多种影响,但其最终影响具有不确定性;无论下游企业采取竞争策略还是合谋策略,下游企业的均衡产量均相等且采取竞争策略时获得较大产量,而上游企业在中间产品市场采取价格歧视策略将获得更多的收益.     

零售商对供应商的信任、控制机制使用和价值创造之间的关系研究

面对日益激烈的竞争环境,零售企业越来越注重与其供应商建立长期稳定的合作关系以应对挑战.本文研究的是垂直渠道关系中零售商对供应商的信任、控制机制的使用以及从与供应商关系中获得的关系价值之间的关系.通过对中国家电业414对零售商-供应商关系的问卷调研数据的分析,运用因子分析及结构方程的方法,验证了我们提出的概念模型及假设.本文研究结论表明零售商对供应商的不同水平的信任通过不同的控制机制的使用能为零售商带来不同的关系价值.     

Rewarding growth or profit?: Top management team compensation and governance in Japanese MNEs

Japanese multinational enterprises (MNEs) have been popularly characterized as pursuing competitive strategies emphasizing long-term performance, especially growth in sales and market share, rather than shorter term profit performance. Though prior research has emphasized the importance of linking compensation to organizational goals and performance, the relationship between performance and compensation of Japanese executives has received limited empirical attention. This paper provides a preliminary examination of how Japanese top management teams in the 106 largest industrial MNEs were compensated, particularly for performance on sales growth and profitability criteria, over the 1976–1993 time period. The relationships revealed between organizational performance and the bonus compensation of top management teams suggest that the emphasis of Japanese industrial MNEs regarding sales growth versus profitability may not be as simple as suggested by prior studies and popular characterizations.     

U.K. chemicals—Strategic planning or industrial strategy

A distinction is drawn between chemical industry strategic planning and planning related to particular products, markets and investments.

For the past decade, the industry has collaborated closely with government and unions on industry and sector planning studies, mainly through the Chemicals EDC and its working parties. Recent government legislation and policy has sought to formalise the joint planning process through planning agreements and an industrial strategy, these being mainly concerned with specific investments and market developments. Problems inherent in this approach are discussed.

Some major strategic issues involving both government and industry are identified.