西夏对宋斗争策略刍议

西夏作为西北地区一支带有少数民族色彩的地方割据势力,在同北宋的斗争中逐渐地由弱变强,最终建立了西夏王国,与辽、北宋对峙.这与西夏前期统治者采取的正确的对宋斗争策略是分不开的.本文就这一问题做一概述.     

论日本民主党政府的对外政策

2009年8月30日,日本举行了国会众议院第45届选举。民主党以压倒性的优势赢得众议院多数席位,获得执政权力。9月16日,民主党党首鸠山由纪夫当选日本内阁首相,与社民党、国民新党合作组成三党联合内阁。这是战后日本政治史上第一次具备较完整意义上的两大政党轮替,这一历史性的变化,对日本国内政治的结构、格局和生态,以及国家发展战略、发展模式和对外政策方针的选择,必将产生重大的影响。一方面,日本政治将进入以两大政党为中心进行博弈和角逐的格局,另一方面,其发展变化还有很多非确定性,究竟能否就此形成两大政党轮流执政的制度化机制,还需要密切观察。本文将主要从日本民主党政府的对外政策的角度,就其中最为重要的对美、对中政策,进行简要的分析和探讨。     

国家利益、意识形态与对外政策

本文从理论的角度对意识形态与国家利益做出界定;并结合现实国际政治论 证一国对外政策的不同依据及其所产生的后果与影响;认为在对外政策的选择与制定中,尽管 意识形态仍然发挥着其不可忽视的作用,但“国家利益”是最终的依据。     

论俄罗斯对外政策中的中国因素

中俄两国作为国际政治力量对比中的平衡力量.对于维护世界稳定、安全与和平,促进两国共同发展,具有重大作用,因此两国在对方国家的外交战略中都占有相当重要的地位.对奉行在东西方保持平衡外交政策的俄罗斯来讲,为避免美国一极主宰世界,需要借助其他力量达到均衡的目的,即用东方外交平衡西方外交,而这个平衡的依重力量就是中国.并且,中国是世界和亚太地区发挥重要作用的国家,又是俄罗斯的最大邻国,所以,发展与中国的关系是俄外交政策的优先方向之一.     

威尔逊主义与美国的对外政策:关于美国对外政策中意识形态因素?…

本文研究中国最重要的外交伙伴－美国的外交行为。笔者认为,秦亚青用霸权系统理论对二战后美国在国际冲突中的支持行为做了很好的分析。按照这个分析,美国在此期间最主要的国家利益和国际战略目标是维持霸权地位和国际霸权系统,美苏关系最核心的内容是争夺霸权的权力争斗。笔者认为,对于象美国那样追逐和维护霸权的国家,除了从权力的角度来解释其行为外,其他因素,比如,价值观和意识形态因素,也会影响其对外政策。笔者并不支     

意识形态在对外政策中的作用

意识形态在对外政策中的作用是国际关系研究中的一个重要的理论和现实问题.本文从意识形态涵义、特点和功能入手,探讨意识形态与对外政策的关系及意识形态在对外政策中的作用.本文的主要观点是:首先,意识形态通过影响决策者对国家利益的判断而影响国家对外政策的目标选择,如果意识形态导致国家对其利益的错误认识,意识形态将损害国家的现实利益;其次,由于任何意识形态都包含有道义和理想化的政治目标,它可以为国家的对外政策提供道义上的支持,使对外政策显得合理、正义;第三,由于以意识形态的吸引力来实现对外政策目标成本最低而成效最持久稳定,所以,意识形态可以成为实现对外政策目标的最高明的手段.     

意识形态在对外政策中的作用

意识形态在对外政策中的作用是国际关系研究中的一个重要的理论和现实问题。本文从意识形态涵义、特点和功能入手 ,探讨意识形态与对外政策的关系及意识形态在对外政策中的作用。本文的主要观点是 :首先 ,意识形态通过影响决策者对国家利益的判断而影响国家对外政策的目标选择 ,如果意识形态导致国家对其利益的错误认识 ,意识形态将损害国家的现实利益 ;其次 ,由于任何意识形态都包含有道义和理想化的政治目标 ,它可以为国家的对外政策提供道义上的支持 ,使对外政策显得合理、正义 ;第三 ,由于以意识形态的吸引力来实现对外政策目标成本最低而成效最持久稳定 ,所以 ,意识形态可以成为实现对外政策目标的最高明的手段。     

美国公众外交与美国对外政策

公众外交是美国外交的重要工具 ,已经成为美国对外政策不可忽视的组成部分。自第二次世界大战以来 ,美国公众外交受到了美国各届政府的重视。本文主要论述了美国公众外交的特点、发展演变、主要活动及其在美国对外政策中所起的作用。美国公众外交的实质是进行意识形态的对抗和输出美国的价值观念和生活方式。     

印度对外政策决策模式研究

本文采用＂政治过程＂论证结构,从国家权力与对外政策关系的角度来分析,通过探讨印度对外关系中各个重要历史时期国内各界政治力量在国家制定重大对外决策过程中的互动过程及其对国家对外政策的影响,深度挖掘出独立60年来印度对外政策决策中的关键影响因素,揭示了印度对外政策决策的一般性规律,归纳出印度对外政策的决策模式——＂双螺旋＂决策模式,并对该模式做出了初步的评价。     

两次世界大战期间英国的对外政策及外交困境

两次世界大战期间英国对外政策的演变是引人注目的。英国从一战的战胜国、巴黎和会的操纵者、"欧洲均势"的维护者,转变为20世纪30年代绥靖政策的推行者,其外交政策明显从主动走向被动,以至丧失外交主动权,不得不消极"避战",获得虚势的"和平"。英国绥靖政策的实行,有其错综复杂的国内背景和社会根源,但本质上是由盛转衰的英国丧失战斗意志的软弱表现。     

我国外部经济失衡调节的政策趋向

2000年以来,我国国际收支顺差和外汇储备急剧增长,外部经济出现了失衡,已引起国内外政府官员、专家学者、业界人士的高度关注。如何调节外部经济失衡、实现内部与外部经济均衡正成为宏观经济理论与政策的热点课题。文章通过对我国外部经济失衡及其效应分析,重点研究了以财政政策为主的政策配合调节机制和完善内外经济均衡的长效机制。     

论在检察实务中坚持社会主义法治理念

社会主义法治理念是统领各项政法工作的基本指导思想,也理所应当是检察实务工作的指导思想。在检察实务中必须贯彻好社会主义法治理念,以切实解决检察工作中存在的问题,增强执法能力,提高司法水平,为构建和谐社会提供有力的司法保障。     

积极财政政策下的税收政策取向

积极财政政策作为我国近期宏观调控经济的基本政策,已取得了一定效益.我国继续实施积极的财政政策还有一定的空间和时间,但仅以增发国债为主的积极财政政策有其局限性,而减税在弥补扩大投资的局限性方面有不可替代的作用.减税政策是"十五"期间国民经济发展的客观需要,应保持相对长期的稳定性,并应遵循一定的原则.     

Economic Policy and Social Policy: Policy-linkages in an Era of Globalisation

This article argues that changes in the role of the state in economic affairs will affect the process of social policy. Growing economic integration caused by globalisation now places a greater constraint upon the discretion of the nation state, bringing about a transformation into a more competitive state. States are increasingly having to compete against each other in order to promote competitiveness and attract foreign direct investment (FDI) from international capital markets. This competition influences in turn the social policy formation requiring the redesigning of social policy. Thus, welfare states may need to reform their social policy towards a "business-friendly social policy". The analysis of social policy inputs and outputs presented here suggests that there are common trends in most welfare states towards: a market-conforming policy on business taxation, a reduction of the share of employer's contributions in social protection revenues, more limited income security programmes, an increased allocation of resources for active labour market programmes and less state intervention in the labour market. All these reforming trends in social policy can be understood as a response of welfare states to the evolving needs of business caused by structural change, notably globalisation.     

How Studies of the Educational Progression of Minority Children Are Affecting Education Policy in Denmark

Over the past decade, the number of ethnic minorities in Denmark has increased rapidly, now accounting for over 8 per cent of the total population. This paper presents results from a number of recent studies regarding the educational choices of minority children from less developed countries. An important social concern is that the educational attainment of these children is much lower than among native Danes. The studies show that that a main reason for the education gap is very high dropout rates from vocational schools among minority children and that inadequate Danish language proficiency of immigrants, parents and their children, is an important reason for the high dropout rates, as are inadequate educational preparedness from grade school and insufficient apprenticeship positions available for minority youth. Socio‐economic background, however, has relatively little effect. Recent policy changes to reduce dropout rates from vocational schools are reviewed and additional policy interventions are proposed.     

The Real Dependent Variable Problem: The Limitations of Quantitative Analysis in Comparative Policy Studies

Comparative public policy relies heavily on processing quantitative data, typically done by looking for the relationship between variables or by grouping empirical data into categories. In methodological terms, comparative data commonly deal with nations as policy units, and observations are liable to be interconnected, rather than independent. In statistical terms, there are problems in the identification of appropriate data, violations of the assumptions are rife, and there are just not enough nations to be able to make comparisons sensibly in these terms. The ‘dependent variable’ problem relates to the definition, operationalization and measurement of key variables, but the problems of comparison go deeper than that. The real dependent variable problem is whether it makes sense to look for a dependent variable at all. The evidence is always equivocal; a methodology that attempts to bracket off disparate influences cannot be valid; and attempting to apply general principles across different circumstances and conditions is inconsistent with what we know about policy development. Quantitative methods offer ways to sort and systematize information, but they do not provide a basis for generalization.      

积极财政政策的退出与稳健财政政策的实施

多年来,我国综合国内外经济形势,实施了积极财政政策,扩大了内需,刺激了消费,在促进国民经济持续快速稳定增长方面发挥了巨大的作用。但另一方面也加大了政府的财政风险,导致了某些行业和局部的经济发展过热,从而严重地妨碍了市场化进程。根据我国宏观经济形势的发展变化和巩固宏观调控成果的要求,必须让积极财政政策退位,转而实施稳健财政政策,并把握好“控制赤字、调整结构、推进改革、增收节支”的方针。     

国家经济安全的外部风险与防范

冷战结束后,中国经济最紧迫的课题即加强外部风险防范,对各种涉及到国家安全的外部风险进行有效监测,并形成预警机制。国家经济安全的外延扩展,其与国家利益的依存度增大,则经济安全系数愈低。经济风险与经济安全成反比关系。国家经济安全的风险链效应,综合表现为“钟摆效应”;其博弈游戏性质揭示着参与国际分工愈深,不安全性就愈强。外部经济风险的逃选与聚敛现象作用于国家经济安全与稳定。对其防范的关键是进行风险识别与评估,构建国家经济安全总体战略。     

Policy instrument affordances: a framework for analysis

The present study uses the concept of technological efficacy derived from ecological psychology and design studies to offer an alternative way of analyzing how policy instruments affect change. Reasoning from this, the paper outlines a framework for analyzing policy instruments in terms of their affordances. We define affordances as the means through which an instrument exerts influence on its intended target audience. Using this approach, we contend that policy instruments may be analyzed as interfaces that organize social relations and create structures of opportunity and/or restrict possibilities for action. We argue that explicating the pathways through which instruments afford or constrain action is a central task for policy analysis. Our proposed framework of analysis builds on the idea that instruments yield effects by facilitating action and learning. We further contend that the actions that an instrument can facilitate or inhibit are determined by specific affordance modalities of the instrument in conjunction with contingencies of the actor and the policy environment. Examples from research policy are used to illustrate some of these effects.     

Social Policy at the 2004 Election

Social policy appeared to be a key battleground at the 2004 Australian Federal election. Opposition Leader Latham announced major policies on Medicare, family support and taxation, and schools funding during the election campaign. Using sample survey data from the Australian Election Study 2004, this paper analyses how these policies may have influenced voters. In brief, although a significant proportion of electors identified these issues as being extremely important to them when they were deciding about how to vote, many made up their mind about how to vote around the time of the announcement of the election or before. This mitigated the potential effect that these major policies could have on the election outcome. Nevertheless, these policies were important and Labor had a significant policy advantage amongst those who were late deciders about how to cast their vote.