中国非正规就业的形成机制及异质性特征——兼论三大理论的适用性

二元主义、新马克思主义和新自由主义理论分别从经济发展、全球贸易、政府管制等视角解释了非正规就业的形成机制,但三大理论在中国情境下的适用性仍缺乏全面检验。为此,本文通过分层广义线性模型处理嵌套数据和非正规就业群体的异质性问题。研究发现:从事非正规就业的概率与经济增速存在正向关联,但会随经济发展水平的提高而显著下降;全球贸易对非正规受雇群体的扩大具有显著影响,而当经济发展和人力资本水平提升时,正向影响将逐步减弱并转为负向,但该影响对非正规自雇就业并不显著;有限且有为的亲商型政府未能减少非正规受雇就业,唯有亲劳工的政府施政才能加快其体面劳动进程,而行政能力和制度环境的改善会促进非正规自雇群体的正规化。总之,三大理论并不存在冲突或替代关系,而是对不同时期或特定类型的非正规就业群体具有解释力。     

浅析我国非正规就业的发展与对策

转轨时期 ,就业一直是中国国民经济发展中的最大难题 ,非正规就业作为解决就业问题的新途径 ,必将成为我国就业政策的首选。文章着重介绍了非正规就业的理论、特点、正功能 ,参与群体和领域 ,并就相关问题提出了建议。     

论我国的非正规就业问题

阐述非正规就业的基本概念、发展背景和关键问题,进而估算我国非正规就业的数量和发展潜力,分析现行国家政策与制度方面的问题,提出促进我国非正规就业合理发展的对策体系。     

中国对非正规就业概念的移植与发展

非正规就业有三种学说渊源国际劳工组织的贫困就业理论、刘易斯-托达罗的二元经济理论、哈特-法伊格的制度边缘理论.非正规就业是社会边缘人群在制度边缘的就业,是发展中国家高失业率与非正规需求共同作用的产物,是就业与失业之间的缓冲层.90年代以来,中国的失业问题日趋严峻,作为促进就业的一项措施,上海市在国内率先引入非正规就业的概念,不少地区随后响应.中国移植的非正规就业形成了自己的特点正规的非正规就业,为了就业而就业,面向社区的就业.中国非正规就业的未来发展应该坚持以正规化为目标,拓宽从业许可范围,减少政府的过度保护,抑制政策投机行为,从长远考虑还应与户口制度改革相适应.     

我国非正规就业的发展现状与政策措施研究

我国当前和未来就业形势不容乐观。非正规就业在我国改革开放以来得到了快速发展 ,并成为扩大就业和实现再就业的主渠道。针对我国非正规就业存在的问题 ,应采取措施促进非正规就业的发展。     

基于面板数据的城乡就业差异研究北大核心CSSCI

城乡就业差异研究由来已久,普遍的观点认为农民工更多的填补了非正规就业岗位是其就业弱势的主要标识,这一结论忽略了相同市场背景下的城乡就业差异。本文利用面板数据的随机效应模型分别对城乡劳动力就业市场选择和相同市场背景下城乡劳动力工资决定机制进行了探讨,结果显示:农民工不仅更多的填补了非正规就业岗位,而且在性质相同的非正规就业市场上,他们依然处于就业的弱势地位。因此,非正规就业不是农民工就业弱势的全部表现,劳动力市场分割(以非正规就业为标志)也不是农民工就业弱势的全部制度根源,换句话说,即使打破了城镇劳动力市场的分割,城乡就业差异也不会因此而消失.     

城镇正规就业与非正规就业的收入差异研究

本文基于2011年中国社会状况综合调查数据,运用倾向值匹配方法控制内生性,通过比较非正规就业与正规就业的收入差异厘清既有理论中的认知矛盾。研究发现,非正规就业者总体的小时收入和月收入并未显著低于正规就业者,但该群体存在明显的异质性。由于缺乏正式制度保护,非正规受雇者、特别是女性非正规受雇者存在显著的低收入现象;而非正规自雇者的收入水平显著高于正规就业者,这一收入优势在欠佳的制度环境下还有所放大。因此,二元主义理论和新自由主义理论分别与非正规受雇者和自雇者的特征更为契合。本文认为,两大理论在本质上都追求高效、廉洁、善治的正式制度。对受雇者而言,政府应适度介入,加强劳工的权益保护;而对自雇者而言,政府应继续推进简政放权,改善治理绩效,降低自雇者参与正规经济活动的制度成本。     

农民工非正规就业选择研究

本文利用2001年中国社会科学院进行的中国城市劳动力市场研究调查数据,对农民工非正规就业的进入条件、就业影响因素以及就业效果进行了研究,结果显示:从事非正规就业的农民工相对具有更狭窄的社会资本和更少的工作初始投入;教育显著提高了农民工从事非正规就业的概率,滞后一期的市场状态对农民工非正规就业选择不会产生显著影响;就业分流并没有导致农民工就业市场出现内部分层,农民工非正规就业存在着强的自选择。     

进城农民工过渡性社会保障制度的构建

针对我国目前关于城乡社会保障制度完善与发展的主要观点“回归说”、“吸入说”、“综合说”,提出专门建立面向农民工的过渡性社会保障制度的构想,即“过渡说”,并从这一制度构建的公平性、过渡性、可持续性等方面初步给予论证。认为,该制度的建立是破解农民工教育、就业以及社会保障问题的一个突破口,将有利于建立一个符合我国国情,统一完善、多层次、广覆盖的城乡一体化的社会保障制度体系。     

和谐社会建设需要构建合理的社会保障制度

本文采用文献研究的方法,并基于社会保障制度的社会功能理论,从社会保障制度体系、发展道路、水平指标以及基本目标等方面,论述我国和谐社会建设需要建立一种合理的社会保障制度,这种社会保障制度的体系应该是内容、结构与层次体系的相互协调,发展道路必须注意统一与差别的相互结合,水平指标应该是一种综合性的指标体系,基本目标应该是政治、经济、社会与道德目标的协调一致。     

Labor market competitiveness and the size of the informal sector

This paper formalizes the dynamics of the informal sector with a special emphasis on the levels of labor market competitiveness in the formal and informal sectors. Specifically, it analyzes the effects of improved productivity and higher entry costs into the formal sector on the size of the informal sector for different degrees of competitiveness in the labor markets. We show that when the informal labor market is competitive while the formal labor market is not, lower production technology in the formal sector or a higher entry cost reduces the size of the informal sector in the long run.     

Informal search,bad search?: the effects of job search method on wages among rural migrants in urban China

The use of informal job search method is prevalent in many countries. There is, however, no consensus in the literature on whether it actually matters for wages, and if it does, what are the underlying mechanisms. We empirically examine these issues specifically for rural migrants in urban China, a country where one of the largest domestic migration in human history has occurred over the past decades. We find that there exists a significant wage penalty for those migrant workers who have conducted their search through informal channels, despite their popularity. Our further analysis suggests two potential reasons for the wage penalty: (1) the informal job search sends a negative signal (of workers’ inability to successfully find a job in a competitive market) to potential employers, resulting in lower wages, and (2) there exists a trade-off between wages and search efficiency for quicker entry into local labor market. We also find some evidence that the informal job search may lead to low-skilled jobs with lower wages. We do not find strong evidence supporting alternative explanations.     

就业倒逼机制、农户教育理性变迁与大学生非正规就业

以就业＂倒逼机制＂为逻辑起点,探讨就业＂倒逼机制＂、农户教育理性变迁、大学生非正规就业之间的内在关联,并以农村大学生非正规就业路径校正农户教育理性的偏离。     

我国企业年金发展缓慢的原因及对策分析

企业年金是适应我国老龄化高峰到来、减轻政府负担的重要工具 ,对经济和社会发展起着举足轻重的作用。我国的企业年金自 1 991年建立至今已悄然走过了 1 3个年头。但我国的企业年金制度 ,依然发展缓慢。文章分析了企业年金在我国的发展现状 ,从企业和职工两个角度分析了其发展缓慢的原因 ,进而从职工、企业、国家三方面提出了相应的对策     

Patterns of Entry into Cohabitation and Marriage Among Mainland Puerto Rican Women*

This paper adds to our limited knowledge of racial and ethnic variation in union formation by describing and analyzing the first unions of mainland Puerto Rican women. Retrospective history data show that Puerto Ricans have shared in the post-1970 shift toward cohabitation. Puerto Rican women, however, are much more likely to enter informal first unions than the general population, and have a low propensity to transform informal unions into legal marriages. The paper examines the influence of family background and current activities on union timing and type. The relationship between partner attributes and the choice between formal and informal coupling is also considered.     

The ‘What’, ‘Why’ and ‘How’ of Employee Well-Being: A New Model

This paper examines the ‘what’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ of employee well-being. Beginning with the ‘what’ of well-being, the construct of mental health was explored with the aim of building a model of employee well-being. It was proposed that employee well-being consists of three core components: (1) subjective well-being; (2) workplace well-being and (3) psychological well-being. Following this, the ‘why’ of employee well-being was investigated; that is, why employee well-being should be an important matter for organisations. It was argued that employee well-being is an important precursor to organisational well-being, as indicated by its links to employee turnover and performance. The next section was concerned with the ‘how’ of employee well-being; that is, how well-being can be reliably enhanced. Drawing on two models of strengths and a practice model of psychological assessment, it was asserted that strength-based development can reliably enhance employee well-being. A solid framework for understanding and measuring employee well-being is offered in the hope that it will foster a more integrated approach to assessing and optimising employee well-being.

The Effects of the Informal Sector on Income of the Poor in Russia

This paper clarifies the social and economic effects of employment in the informal sector on the poor in Russia in recent years. The article describes the extent to which the figures for informal sector at large and unofficial employment in particular vary in different estimates and the effect they have on the average labor income of the poor. The major impact of the research consists of the development of a universal method for the estimation of the scales of labor income of the poor in the informal sector. Using the latest available data from Russian Federal State Statistics Service, this indicator is calculated for the poor and than compared with average wages in the formal sector and the subsistence minimum (official poverty line). The study concludes that the informal sector is a factor of social stability in a postsocialist transition economy, which, however, cannot alleviate poverty.