避孕“中国模式”解读

近三十年来，人口计生工作成就为世界所瞩目。其中，避孕节育作为计划生育成功的重要技术路径，对每位已婚育龄个体而言，已成为她／他们生命历程中无法回避的社会现实。尽管国家在20世纪80年代初大规模推广长效医控型避孕措施的工作方法有待商榷，     

“少生快富”——湖北省英山县科学发展之路

早在20世纪80年代，湖北省英山县抓住被国家列入全国第一批重点扶持的山区贫困县和“国家八七扶贫攻坚重点县”的机遇，在全国率先提出“贫困山区要致富，少生孩子多栽树”，坚持扶贫开发与计划生育一起抓，大力实施“少生快富”工程，既有效地控制了人口增长，保持了低生育水平的长期稳定，又有力地促进了扶贫开发和经济社会的又好又快发展，探索出一条促进山区人口与经济、社会、资源、环境科学发展的治本新路。     

中国人口发展趋势

一、人口数量和人口发展类型变化趋势 （一）人口过快增长得到有效控制。新中国成立后,1949～1969年平均每8年增加1亿人,人口总量连续突破6亿、7亿、8亿。20世纪70年代开始全面实行计划生育,人口总量1973～1982年从9亿到10亿历时9年,     

世界人口增长面面观

二战以前尤其是20世纪以前,世界人口增长相当缓慢,史前时期上万年、上千年还增长不了1%，17世纪以后稍微加快，但年均增长也不过是增长0.5%左右。在二战后人口增长速度发生了明显的变化，40年代末到70年代初世界人口的增长速度接近2%。     

创新计生女儿家庭养老模式

自20世纪90年代以来，我国出生人口性别比持续偏高，目前全国出生人口性别比偏高问题依然十分严峻。综合治理出生人口性别比偏高问题，是贯彻落实以人为本科学发展观的必然要求，是统筹解决人口问题的重要内容，是维护妇女儿童合法权益、促进社会性别平等的重要举措，是维护社会和谐与稳定的迫切需要。为了将关爱女孩行动、综合治理出生人口性别比偏高问题的工作推向深入，本刊特推出江西、湖北、湖南等省的主要经验和做法．供各地参考和借鉴。     

出生人口性别比异常原因的“再思考”

1982年第三次全国人口普查数据发表以来,我国出生人口性别比的异常升高成为国内外人口学家聚焦的热点问题之一。综合近年来有关出生人口性别比研究的主要成果,中外学者的看法基本一致,那就是自20世纪80年代以来的出生人口性别比偏高,且在逐渐升高是中国已经普遍存在的客观事实。     

解析定州市男到女家落户婚姻模式

河北省定州市开展计划生育较早,自20世纪60年代初我国在城市和个别农村地区进行计划生育试点,定州就开始认真落实中央提出的＂积极领导,大力提倡,综合措施,稳步推广＂的方针,开展计划生育和晚婚晚育的宣传,注重培育婚育新风。经过几十年的发展,人口计生工作取得了显著成效,相应地,独女户家庭也较多。     

农村留守儿童教育问题研究综述

留守儿童问题近几年来引起社会的广泛关注。国内研究者对“留守儿童”的关注、研究,始于20世纪90年代初期。1994年上官子木《“留守儿童”问题应引起重视》率先提出了“留守儿童”这一问题。此后,关于“留守儿童”教育问题的研究逐渐展开。研究内容涉及道德品质、学习、心理健康、情感、安全问题等方面。本文对留守儿童教育问题的研究进行梳理,以加深对留守儿童教育问题的认识。     

我成长 我快乐

我出生在20世纪80年代初期，是国家实行计划生育政策后第一批出生的，于是我们被别人习惯性地称为独生女、独生子。我虽然是个女孩，但我的出生给我的家庭带来了莫大的欢乐，在我的身上倾注了爸爸、妈妈、爷爷、奶奶、姥姥、姥爷所有的关爱，真有些集众人宠爱于一身的感觉。我出生的那个年代，与父母那代人的生活比起来虽然改善了许多，但并不是物质极大丰富的时期，好多东西也要凭票购买，父母的收入并不是很高，但他们很早就买了电视机、录音机等在当时来说很贵重的电器，让我很小的时候就能感受到新鲜的事物。     

打造新时期“服务型计生”品牌——论全人口服务、全方位服务和全过程服务

“以人为本”科学发展观的提出,为我国新时期人口和计划生育事业的健康发展指明了方向,人本型、服务型、人文型计划生育是今后发展和努力的方向。20世纪90年代前期开始提出的“大人口观”被实践证明是非常正确的,以人为本的科学发展观也要求我们树立有人文关怀精神的大人口计生服务体系。     

Geocentric Behavior Dimension of the Organization’ Performance in the Context of Globalization

The goal of the present study is to investigate and to base a new qualitative dimension of the organization’s performance, less addressed in the literature, namely the geocentric behavior dimension. Using a cross-sectional sample covering 215 countries over the period 2012–2015, our research provides empirical evidence on significant impact of the political, cultural and emotional factors (such as happiness), on the organization’s performances from a certain geocentric space. Our study may have significant implications for investors, managers, public entities or business environment, providing measurable evidence on the role of qualitative factors such as those mentioned, which act in a certain geocentric space, on the organization’s performances.     

陕西省农民组织化调查

文章通过抽样方法,选择陕西省不同地区共16个自然村为样本,从参与表现、参与评价和参与意愿三个层面调查了农民的组织参与情况。数据显示,农民组织化意愿强烈,但组织数量和活动较少影响到农民的组织评价;陕西省农民组织化处于中低水平。分析发现,组织经费和组织公信力则是影响农民组织化的两个关键因素,文章就此提出相应措施。     

Urban growth in Korea, 1970-1980: an application of the human ecological perspective

This study supports the ecological perspective proposed by Duncan (population, environment, organization, and technology) explaining urban population growth. Data were obtained from the 1970 and 1980 Korean Population Census and Korean Municipal Yearbook on cities with a minimum size of 20,000-50,000 people (108 cities and towns). Urban growth is most strongly influenced by indigenous labor surplus and the population potential of the city to be in contact with another city. Nine multiple regression variables explained just under 66% of the variance in urban growth. Net migration was influential among those aged 15-24 years. The extent of differentiation of industry affected net migration only among those aged 15-24 years and those aged 35-44 years. Population redistribution was more affected directly by changes in industrial organization, and migration was affected indirectly by environmental and technological effects on organization. Urban growth through migration of older age groups was affected by government expenditure on public works. Urban growth was not much affected by transportation/communication concentration, manufacturing concentration, urban labor surplus, population size, and site. Urban growth was viewed as the interaction between the unemployment rate and the urban wage, following Todaro's equilibrium models. In Korea, larger cities only grew faster during the 1960s. By the 1970s, upper middle-sized cities grew faster. Location was not a significant factor in explaining urban growth, but growth was rapid along a corridor within 100 km from Seoul and 50 km from Pusan, the second largest city in Korea. Caution was urged in interpreting Korea's ecological urban growth patterns as indicative of developing countries.     

Der Beitrag der Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung zur Modernisierung der Universität

The paper reflects on the contribution of women’s and gender studies to modernizing the university. By giving an overview of the socio-political and institutional conditions of the contemporary reform processes in higher education and the university system in Europe, the author shows that universities nowadays are influenced by tensions between economization and democratization: In this tension they are forced to change their organization and their scientific “products”, namely research and teaching. Based on these explications, the author analyses the potentials of women’s and gender studies to modernize science and the humanities, teaching, learning and the organization of the university.     

我国家庭政策的发展路径与目标选择

我国家庭政策的发展经历了与欧美国家完全不同的路径。由于社会福利和保障制度背景和发展水平不同,我国家庭政策的发展方向与发达国家存在本质上的差异,与发达国家"去家庭化"的方向相反,我国家庭政策发展的主要方向应该是"家庭化",即基于家庭责任前提构建福利保障体系,通过强化家庭功能实现为公民提供福利和保障的目标。我国的家庭政策具有双重任务:一方面要补充社会福利发展水平低造成的保障程度不足,提升家庭自身福利供给和保障能力;另一方面要针对家庭变化产生的问题,调整社会福利配给和组织方式,扩大以家庭为生计单位的福利保障。我国的发展型家庭政策要以提升家庭发展能力为重点,包括就业支持政策和供养家庭支持政策两大类。     

Advocacy Beyond Identity: A Dutch Gay/Lesbian Organization’s Embrace of a Public Policy Strategy

ABSTRACT

The gay/lesbian social movement has primarily been understood as an identity movement. This article contributes to expanding understandings of the gay/lesbian movement by following the advocacy of the Dutch Association for the Integration of Homosexuality COC (COC) as a case of a gay/lesbian movement organization’s expansion of its action repertoire to include public policy goals. On the basis of archival and interview data, this article identifies several factors that enabled the COC to see the Dutch government as a potential public policy partner. Previous legal successes and facilitation by the institutionalized wing of the women’s movement, coupled with a constitutional change, resulted in the COC’s development of a policy strategy. By tracing the history of the COC’s strategic interactions, this article demonstrates that, while an identity strategy was constant throughout the COC’s advocacy, the organization could combine an identity strategy with strategies of legal change, cultural change, and public policy.     

Indigenous labor supply,sustenance organization,and population redistribution in nonmetropolitan america: An extension of the ecological theory of migration

The ecological theory of migration asserts that change in sustenance organization, to the extent that it produces changes in the opportunities for living, necessitates a change in population size. Migration may thus be viewed as a demographic response to the population’s need to reestablish a balance between its size and sustenance organization, thus attaining its best possible living standard. However, the levels of net in- or out-migration needed to restore the balance should be affected by the degree of positive or negative growth of the indigenous labor force population. We thus test the hypothesis that changes in opportunities for living will be balanced by net changes in the number of persons in the labor force, where this is a function of both indigenous labor supply and net migration.     

Cultural Diversity and Population Policy in Nigeria

Nigeria's ambitious population policy, adopted in 1988, had its origins in the international population and development thinking of the time, set out in documents such as the World Population Plan of Action and the Kilimanjaro Programme of Action. The policy has had at most a modest effect in curbing the country's high fertility. This failure, it is argued, stems from the policy's implicit assumption of a single, monolithic cultural reality and its disregard of male reproductive motivation. Belief systems in Nigeria are extraordinarily diverse in detail but share a common interest in the fertility of crops, livestock, and people. Patterns of social organization are similarly varied. For an effective population policy, the government needs to find ways of incorporating distinct elements of the cultures of the different ethnic groups, leveraging rather than suppressing the country's cultural diversity.     

子孙辈社会地位对农村家长社会地位影响研究

通过对面子竞争实现村民之间的差别,进而形成村庄社会分层,仍是面向向内村庄的主要特征。在X自然村的研究中发现,由子孙辈的职业、经济、组织、文化等资源构成的社会地位是当前家长竞争面子的一个重要内容。家长们通过面子竞争完成X村的社会分层,建立了一个基于伦理道德和村落文化等传统权威基础上的社会控制,并构建了X村尊卑有序的和谐格局。因此,在面向向内的乡村社会分层中应考虑子孙辈社会地位这一指标。     

地域文化、宗族组织与农民生育观念的表达——赣南布村生育观念的文化社会学考察

基于赣南布村生育观念与行为的实地调查,笔者发现地域文化与宗族组织等因素对当地的生育观念影响明显。祖先崇拜的存在意味着子孙后代的繁衍与昌盛是后人对祖先最大的敬畏与敬仰,宗族性组织的存在与维持则让宗族之间的生育竞争一直存在。生育行为与地域文化、宗族组织等的存在是不可分离的,前者为后两者提供了实践的载体和价值的依据,而后两者则为前者提供了行为的合法性和动力。