道教文化视域下的柳永艳情之作

北宋词人柳永向以词风俚俗而著称,他创作的大量艳情词更是词坛一道奇观.柳永词的近三分之二是艳情之作,历来被视为"淫媒之语",而罕有探讨其缘由.其实,柳永的思想受道教影响很大,其艳情词具有浓厚的道教房中文化意蕴.柳永艳情词的性描写几乎都化用仙道意象,所体现的两性观念、性爱心理都和道教房中术存在契合之处.     

略论明清艳情文学繁荣的历史原因

明中叶后,性与艳情成为文学创作的热门话题,不仅小说中时有体现,戏曲亦是如此。该现象的产生,一方面是随着资本主义萌芽的出现,城镇特别是江南一带进一步繁荣,市井文化需求旺盛,奢侈相夸、宣淫成趣,已成为当时的生活时尚。文学创作来源于社会生活,文学作品写性写艳情盛行,正是基于这种现象普遍存在于时人的现实生活中。明中叶后文艺创作中盛行写性写艳情,还有其思想理论基础。以发端于阳明心学、大成于李贽"童心说"而建立起来的自然人性论的蓬勃兴起,把包括"色"与"艳情"在内的人欲,提升到了超出以往、天然合理的理性高度,进而更将其纳入到自然天成的审美范畴。按照此种理论,人的自然欲求,不仅不能限制,而且是天然合理的。故此,艳情文学是那个时代社会风貌的展现与缩影,更是那个时代精神理念的衍生与表象。     

关于魏晋南北朝艳情文学的组成及评价

对于魏晋南北朝艳情文学的划定和评价，历来说法不一，且范围较窄。作者通过对该时期艳情文学作品的全面分析，认为艳情文学包括两层含义：一指辞采之艳，一指内容之艳。在这一概念支配下，文章指出：该时期的艳情文学应该由闺情诗、抒情小赋、南朝乐府民歌、新婚诗、同性恋诗等几个方面组成，而不应仅以南朝乐府民歌为准。该时期的艳情文学在中国文学史上占有重要地位，并对后世的艳情文学带来重大的影响。     

由“艳情”到“喜”,从世俗至精神———印度古典诗学味论的一个侧影

本文对印度古典诗学味论中的艳情味概念进行了梳理、论证 ,指出它产生的背景文化 ,它在文学及文论中的价值意义 ;揭示艳情作为重要审美因素 ,它的发展及至最高境界喜 ,形成一道清晰的轨迹 ,显现出印度宗教文化哲学及民俗风情的个性风貌 ,更是展示了印度古典诗学味论的一个侧影。     

李煜思妇词探讨——兼论李煜的中期创作

思妇词是李煜生活中期的作品。它与早期的艳情词及后期的亡国词最大的区别在于 :后二者是以直接的方式去反映现实生活、抒发自我情感 ;而李煜中期的思妇词 ,却是以间接的方式———最具柔弱特征的思妇范型、最具凄美色彩的悲秋伤春母题 ,来表达他在家难国危时期那孱弱苍凉的心态 ;同时 ,李煜在思妇词中 ,通过凄苦哀愁惆怅无奈的情感抒发 ,与暮春残秋凄迷溟朦的景色描写相交融的艺术表现手法 ,也无疑创造了一个与其艳情词及亡国词迥然异趣、“更饶烟水迷离之致”的美学境界。     

论唐宋艳情词的悲剧美

无论是＂男子作闺音＂式的描写歌女思妇的恋情思绪、还是抒发词人自我情爱体验与心理感受的作品,唐宋艳情词都着意于抒情主体心灵深处的忧愁苦恨,充满了哀怨伤感的情调,洋溢着悲剧性的美。唐宋艳情词悲剧美的形成具有文学传统、社会历史、抒情对象特征等方面的复杂原因。     

由“艳情”到“喜”，从世俗至精神

本文对印度古典诗学味论中的艳情味概念进行了梳理、论证，指出它产生的背景文化，它在文学及文论中的价值意义；揭示艳情作为重要审美因素，它的发展及至最高境界喜，形成一道清晰的轨迹，显现出印度宗教文化哲学及民俗风情的个性风貌，更是展示了印度古典诗学味论的一个侧影。     

心灵的避难所──论晏几道的恋情词

宋词以善言“艳情”著称。对宋恋情词的深入理解,是宋词研究的必须项目。本文选取晏几道恋情词,从三个层次透视其表达方式、基本内涵、心理成因等,为宋词研究做点新的尝试。 爱恋词第一层次:一见钟情 晏几道是位多情词人。他在友人家饮酒听歌,便对其歌婢侍妾情有所钟;在江湖上落魄飘零,便对偶遇的歌儿舞女念念不忘。他一再堕入爱河,又一再被迫别离,留下众多恋情相思的词篇。在这类词中,他表达爱恋最常见的方式就是一见钟情。如《临江仙》: 记得小 初见,两重心字罗衣。琵琶弦上说相思。当时明月在,曾照彩云归。这里明白无误地告诉人们:词人初…     

元稹“艳诗”考论

元稹自叙“艳诗”定义,以“干教化”相标榜。陈寅恪先生虽以为其为昔日情人崔莺莺而作,但今日学者复相质疑。本文首先考察元稹诗歌结集情况及现存作品,从而得出结论,认为(1)元稹所标之“艳诗”,虽非咏一人而作,但其中亦包括为崔莺莺所作之诗歌作品;(2)元稹“艳诗”可分为三类,究其整体性质,则属艳情之作。     

风流无复数香奁——论韩偓的艳情诗

韩偓这位享有忠臣节士令名的诗人,却偏偏自行结撰了一部令人匪夷所思的《香奁集》。《香奁集》通常被认为是我国诗歌史上第一部文人艳情诗集,千载之下,褒贬不一。借鉴文本分析、史料考证法,可以得出如是判断：《香奁集》既有艳夺温李的旖旎诗篇,也有与艳诗毫无关系的寥落意绪,更有介于似艳非艳之间的幽微心曲。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.