澳大利亚州立法权的限制

澳大利亚各州法院通过对联邦宪法针对各州立法权限规定的不同解释以限制各州的立法权,导致了在案件审理中法律适用的分歧,而且,使州政府和议会难以自信地执行有效的法律,并产生了亟需处理无效法律的后续问题,本文通过四个案例来阐明这一现状。     

澳大利亚社会科学研究——回顾与前瞻

20世纪40年代，现代社会科学在澳大利亚正式确立了自己的地位。社会科学研究在澳大利亚的国家事务中,在人们认识历史发展和解决现实问题的过程中都发挥着重要作用。其跨学科研究的特点更成为推动社会科学自身发展的基础。面对新的世纪，澳大利亚社会科学家显示了他们捕捉新的研究课题的敏感与能力，并对面临的困难作出了客观的分析。     

Social Legislation For The Reproductive Technologies

The reproductive technologies, particularly IVF, have proved a continuing source of community disquiet Despite numerous attempts in many countries to frame appropriate regulations, a community consensus has not been achieved. This failure is due to the medical control of the reproductive technologies, whereas the contentious issues are in fact social. The argument of this paper is that we already have regulatory procedures which are suited to the control of the social aspects of these technologies in the current legislation covering adoption and rights of parenthood.     

社会保障立法与社会保障制度建设

我国在计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制转换过程中建立的社会保障制度,目前尚存在内容不健全、法制化程度低、实施机制脆弱的不足.比较国外较为成熟的传统型、福利型、储蓄型三种社会保障制度模式,我们可以从中吸取经验,受到启发,进而建立具有中国特色的、保障面宽、保障程度适中的社会保障制度.为此目的,我们必须加强社会保障立法,既要健全社会保障法律体系,又要严格社会保障执行的法律监督.     

Social inclusion under Labor in South Australia

Social inclusion policies were championed by the former Rann Labor government in South Australia from 2002 to 2011. In 2011 the Social Inclusion Unit was dissolved by the South Australian government. It is argued that the relatively narrow focus of the former SIU on ‘problem’ communities limited its capacity to provide more than residual solutions. The diminishing political returns on social inclusion also encouraged the South Australian government to abandon this initiative. In 2014 this government has had to grapple with the end of car making in Australia and a declining manufacturing labour force, traditionally a ‘mainstream’ constituency of the Labor Party. The return to ‘mainstreaming’ social policy in South Australia might offer limited space for realignment of social policy with the concept of social citizenship. It might also represent a move away from the functionalist morality of social inclusion. Social inclusion as practiced in South Australia has limited capacity to address generalised social disadvantage. The latter is likely to concern a re‐elected Labor minority government grappling with significant job losses and a declining local economy.     

近代中国社会政策、社会立法百年历史经验与发展规律研究

1840年鸦片战争揭开近代中国百年屈辱悲惨与民族独立历史序幕,标志中国半殖民地时代来临,反映基督教与西方列强对华侵略进入政治、军事、法制和制度化的层面。本文首次从福利社会史角度,运用历史档案资料、文献回顾、内容分析与历史比较等方法,从社会福利、社会需要、社会现代化、国际关系与文明交流互鉴、文明冲突理论等理论视角,首次全面、系统、客观和历史地探讨近代中国社会政策、社会立法百年历史经验与发展规律。本文将1840年鸦片战争至1949年百多年近代中国历史发展过程,大体划分为1840-1894年,1895-1911年,1912-1927年,1928-1937年,1938-1949年五个不同的历史发展阶段,总结每个历史发展阶段结构特点与时代特征,为深入历史分析搭建宏大和长期历史舞台背景。在此背景下,全面系统梳理西方文化对法律学科、法制精神、社会政策和社会立法传播扩散,尤其是简要总结、历史概括基督教在百多年间对近代中国社会政策、社会立法的影响因素。在此基础上全面、系统和历史地总结近代中国社会政策、社会立法的历史经验教训与发展规律,尤其是探讨、总结近代中国百多年社会政策、社会立法与社会服务互动中蕴含普遍客观规律。最后对近代中国百多年社会政策、社会立法历史影响的历史评价和理论反思。     

Integrating Social Work and Community-Development Practice in Victoria,Australia

Community development is generally considered to be a core component of social work practice and knowledge. Yet much professional social work literature and discourse seem to relegate community development to the sidelines. This article aims to address this deficit by interviewing six Victorian social workers involved in community-development practice. It documents the use of CD skills and strategies in social-work interventions, and the integration of the values, principles and frameworks of the two disciplines.     

Understanding Social Inclusion and Its Meaning for Australia

This paper considers the various meanings of ‘social inclusion’ from both sociological and policy viewpoints. It shows how the perspective has been translated into particular policies and approaches to governance. After drawing some lessons from the policy experiences of other countries, it weighs the appropriateness of a ‘social inclusion agenda’ for Australia, a country with a particular history of social exclusion – of prisoners, indigenous people, and immigrants from around the world – and a special emphasis on dignity, respect and equal treatment.     

The Economic and Social Impacts of the CDEP Scheme in Remote Australia

The Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) scheme is an unusual labour market and social development program for Indigenous people. Currently the CDEP scheme employs around 36,000 Indigenous Australians and accounts for over one‐quarter of total Indigenous employment. Despite the significance of the CDEP scheme, in recent times, relatively little attention has been given to the potential for the scheme to be used as an instrument for economic and social development in remote areas of Australia. This article present new evidence on the impact of the CDEP scheme on economic and social outcomes for Indigenous people in remote areas of Australia. It is concluded that the scheme has been successful in generating positive economic and community development outcomes at minimal cost to the Australian taxpayer.     

Social impact Analysis in Australia: Policy Issues for the 1980s

Over the last ten years in Australia the social component of Australian Environmental Impact statements has gradually increased in size as the importance of Social Impact Analysis has been recognised. This commendable trend has not been without mishap, however, and there remain many areas largely ignored in Social Impact Assessment. This paper seeks to identify these areas, identifying value questions that need to be addressed in the preparation of the social impact component.     

Experiencing Older Age in Korea and Australia The Role of Social Policies

This comparative study explores attitudes toward and experiences of ageing of 60 Koreans, aged between 55 and 65 years, residing in two countries: Korea and Australia. It examines similarities and differences in their perceptions of old age in the distinctive social welfare environments in which they live. It draws attention to the importance of social policies in affecting how people anticipate and experience old age.     

Towards New Indicators of Disadvantage: Deprivation and Social Exclusion in Australia

Concern over the reliability of conventional poverty studies has focused attention on the need to demonstrate that those identified as poor are actually experiencing hardship. This paper takes a step in this direction by examining poverty using a living standards approach derived from the literature on deprivation and social exclusion. Deprivation – defined as an enforced lack of socially perceived necessities – has emerged as a way of identifying who is missing out on what the community regards as the necessities (or essentials) of life. Social exclusion – which exists when individuals do not participate in key activities in society – has opened up new areas of inquiry relating to a lack of connectedness between individuals, the communities in which they live, and key economic and social processes. The findings indicate that many Australians face deprivation and exclusion in numerous aspects of their lives, and that those defined as poor in income terms are different from those who are deprived or excluded. The low overlap between the three indicators implies that they all have a role to play in documenting the extent of social disadvantage and helping to identify the factors that contribute to its various manifestations.     

Demography and Nation. Social Legislation and Population Policy in Bulgaria, 1918–1944

Hermann Rebel, Peasant Classes. The Bureaucratization of Property and Family Relations under Early Habsburg Absolutism, 1511–1636 (1983), xviii+354 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, £24.30).

Philip Jenkins, The Making of a Ruling Class. The Glamorgan Gentry 1640–1790 (1983), xxvi+353 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £25).

M. Elliott, Partners in Revolution; The United Irishmen and France (1982), xx+411 (Yale, £15.00).

R. Wells, Insurrection: The British Experience 1795–1803 (1983), xiv+304 (Alan Sutton, Gloucester, £16).

Barbara Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem: Socialism and Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (1983), xviii+402 (Virago, £9.95, paperback £5.95).

Derek Fraser (ed.), Municipal Reform and the Industrial City (1982), x+165 (Leicester, £12.00).

John Garrard, Leadership and Power in Victorian Industrial Towns 1830–1880 (1983), ix+228 (Manchester, £21.00).

Pierre Aycoberry, Cologne entre Napoleon et Bismarck. La croissance d'une ville rhenane, (1981) (Aubier Montaigne, n.p., Paris).

Avner Offer, Property and Politics, 1870–1914: Land Ownership, Law, Ideology and Urban Development in England (1981), xvii+445 (Cambridge University Press £27.50).

Jeffrey Cox, The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth, 1870–1930 (Oxford, 1982), xiii+322 (Oxford University Press, £22.50).

Richard J. Evans (ed.), The German Working Class, 1888–1933: The Politics of Everyday Life (1982), 259 (Croom Helm, £14.95).

Jay Winter (ed.), The Working Class in Modern British History (1983), xii+315 (Cambridge University Press, £25.00).

Derek Fraser and Anthony Sutcliffe (eds), The Pursuit of Urban History (1983), xxx+482 (Edward Arnold, £35.00).

John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (1982), x+421 (Manchester University Press, Manchester, £25.00).

Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, Making Histories: Studies in History‐Writing and Politics (1982), 379 (Hutchinson, £6.95).     

Single Parent Families and Social Policies in Australia 1974–1982

Of the two major sources of income support for single parent families, social security transfers and earned income, there has been an increase in the proportion of families dependent on social security in the period 1974–1982, a period of recession and high unemployment. Over this period the value of income support for supporting parents has declined because of the non-indexation of the child components of pensions and benefits. This article identifies disincentives to the parents' labour force participation: lack of post-school qualifications, shortage of jobs, scarcity of affordable child care and the low income retention rates imposed upon the extra earnings of pensioners and beneficiaries.     

Social Security in Australia and New Zealand: Means-tested or Just Mean?

The social security systems of Australia and New Zealand have traditionally rejected social insurance in favour of a means-tested categorical safety net approach that provides considerable scope for targeting. The experience of both countries provides many examples of how targeting can be used to constrain social security spending, and these have attracted interest in other countries keen to contain the growth in their social security budgets. However, although there are many similarities between the two systems, there are also many differences and these have become greater as targeting has gathered momentum over the last two decades. This paper analyses how targeting has been used in each country as a way of illustrating the different approaches adopted. Attention is focused on how the retirement income systems of the two countries illustrate an increasing policy divergence, with the planned Australian transition to a "multi-pillar" approach in contrast to the constant (and continuing) reform of New Zealand superannuation. Household data on the pattern of receipt of transfer incomes and their impact on the distribution of income are then used to explore the impact of targeting since the early 1980s. This analysis suggests that, in practice, targeting has had a far smaller impact on income inequality in both countries than is often claimed.     

Contested Housing Landscapes? Social Inclusion,Deinstitutionalisation and Housing Policy in Australia

Deinstitutionalisation is represented as a major step toward social inclusion through the resettlement of disabled people residing in segregated large‐scale institutions into community‐based homes. By promoting the right to live in ordinary community residential settings, deinstitutionalisation fundamentally changes both the support services and housing arrangements of former institutional residents. In Australia, as in many western countries, debates on community care have tended to focus on the location and nature of non‐housing supports for people leaving dependent care. This focus, however, overlooks the fact that deinstitutionalisation involves a radical rehousing of people in care. This paper explores the character and implications of deinstitutionalisation in Australia as a rehousing process. It is based on a recent national research project that has examined the housing futures of people with intellectual disabilities who have been, or will be, deinstitutionalised. The paper considers the increasingly divergent socio‐political perspectives that have emerged in recent discussions about social inclusion, institutional reform and independent living and their implications for housing and community care policies.