我国弱势群体问题研究综述

作为我国经济社会转型的产物,一个庞大的社会弱势群体逐渐形成。近年来,对此问题的关注和研究,主要集中在弱势群体的界定、成因、特征、类型、危害及治理等方面。一、弱势群体的界定1.能力脆弱论。郑杭生认为,弱势群体就是指那些依靠自身的力量或能力无法保持个人或其家庭成员最基本的生活水准、需要国家和社会给予支持和帮助的社会群体。①杨团认为,弱势群体就是在社会各个群体中处于劣势的脆弱的一群。他们可以从是否丧失具有市场竞争的能力的人力资本、是否难融于所处地域的社会生活、难于与其他群体享有平等的公平权利、是否远离社会权…     

社会经济发展中的弱势群体及其社会支持

社会弱势群体是一个具有相对性和比较性特征的概念 ,该群体的成员是社会福利和社会保护的对象 ,并且是任何时代任何社会都存在的一种普遍现象。本文以浙江省为个案 ,认为在社会经济发展水平领先的地区也不能漠视弱势群体的存在 ,弱势群体问题的解决不是一个自然的过程。随着弱势群体问题日益成为新世纪影响社会稳定的一个重要因素 ,建构弱势群体社会支持系统的任务越来越紧迫。为此 ,作者以浙江为例 ,对弱势群体支持系统的构成与机制进行了分析 ,对弱势群体能获得的社会支持程度与经济社会发展水平的关联进行了论证     

关于我国社会弱势群体的伦理思考

弱势群体是在社会经济利益和权力的分配中处于相对不利的地位,在政治、经济和文化生活中的影响力相对下降,成为整个社会需要同情和关爱的对象群体。在追求共同富裕的社会主义中国,他们的生活现状处于道德的尴尬状态。如果无视或漠视弱势群体的利益势必给社会的发展和进步带来道德的危害。鉴于此,必须贯彻以人为本、公平正义、人人共享社会发展成果的执政道德理念;选择并设计好扶助弱势群体的道德制度;营造一个扶助弱势群体的道德大环境;增强弱势群体主体适应竞争社会的技能与信心。     

新时期教育关怀:从道德诉求到制度保障

教育关怀是对弱势群体的人文关怀,是构建和谐社会的内在要求,也是弱势群体子女生存和发展的需要。当前我国的教育关怀是一种基于道德诉求的消极关怀,对制度的关注明显不够,必须确立符合时代要求的政策理念,实现从临时性关怀到制度性保障的转变。     

和谐社会的构建路径:从社会排斥到社会融合--兼论构建和谐社会的伦理关怀制度

社会排斥是我国经济社会结构整体转型时期的一个不和谐音符。构建社会主义和谐社会是消除社会排斥的重大战略决策,它是社会主义的本质追求,同时也体现对社会弱势群体的伦理关怀。构建和谐社会的伦理关怀制度,是实现“全体人民各尽其能、各得其所而又和谐相处”宏伟目标的内在要求和重要保障。     

学校社会工作视角下大学生弱势群体的辅导

一、学生弱势群体概念界定及其群体特征 （一）大学生弱势群体的概念界定 大学生弱势群体是指高校里由先天生理缺陷、家庭经困难或自身心理品质不完整等因素，造成在经济状况、社会位置、权益实现、教育资源占有、教育机会获得、竞争能力、自身素质等方面处于相对弱势地位的部分大学生群体。     

建设和谐社会必须重视弱势群体保护

弱势群体问题是目前中国社会处于“矛盾的凸显期”的一个重要表征,它凸显了一类矛盾即强势群体和弱势群体的矛盾。建设和谐社会内在要求解决这一矛盾,保护弱势群体,这样才能实现“各得其所”的要求,促进社会稳定有序,使整个社会充满创造活力。建设和谐社会为弱势群体保护提供了宏观理念,即强弱势群体之间的和谐共存。它包括四点:思想上的和谐整合、利益上的和谐整合、制度上的和谐整合与生存上的和谐整合。在实践这一理念的过程中应该遵循三项基本原则即实质公平原则、基本人权原则和持续保护原则。实施弱势群体保护首先要发挥政府保护的主导作用,通过政府完善就业和再就业体系,完善社会保障体系,促进弱势群体的就业和再就业,提高其生活水平。其次要实现社会救助的重要功能,充分发挥社区和其他社会资源对弱势群体的保护作用。再次要鼓励弱势群体的自力救济,促进弱势群体实现根本性的转化。     

折叠社会自媒体底层关怀的政治社会学分析

在折叠化的现代社会,自媒体因其媒介特性而成为社会大众尤其是底层群体“自我言说”的重要平台工具,从而促成了社会话语权的下沉,并彰显出底层关怀的价值特性。在自媒体的底层关怀实践中,自媒体成了底层群体的“生活记录者”“话语传播者”“利益表达者”“形象塑造者”以及精英群体的“权力监督者”,其底层关怀蕴含着特殊的政治和社会价值意义,是促进社会公平正义实现的重要力量。但是,走向折叠化的现代社会处于更为复杂的风险环境,加之自媒体自身的无序发展,导致自媒体在朝向底层的过程中面临着娱乐化、谣言化、暴力化、非主流意识形态化等异化风险。折叠社会自媒体底层关怀的异化会消解其政治社会价值,因此有必要从环境、主体等方面对自媒体底层关怀的风险进行规制优化,使其政治社会价值充分实现。     

弱势群体概念的界定及其能力建设

我国处在社会转型的关键时期,弱势群体的问题受到社会各界的密切关注。弱势群体的概念应界定为:生活处于相对贫困线以下,因经济困难而无力实现各项政治权利或因政治权利难以实现致使其在经济中处于不利地位的群体。要从根本上改变弱势群体的生存困境,在加强社会救济和扶助的同时,必须对其进行有针对性的能力建设,使之能够自助,才是我国社会救助的主旨。     

浅析弱势群体与犯罪

进入20世纪90年代以来,中国社会一个引人注目的现象是伴随贫富悬殊的两极化而出现的社会弱势群体。弱势群体的弱势社会位置易使这个群体形成错误的价值取向,甚至产生对社会的仇视对抗心理,这会导致社会心理动荡,影响社会安定。调查表明,犯罪已成部分弱势群体改变其弱势性的极端方式。比较突出的表现,就是城镇失业人口与农民工的犯罪。因此,正确分析城镇失业人口与农民工的犯罪成因,对稳定社会有着重要的现实意义。     

Social exclusion, solidarity and the challenge of globalization

During the 1990s, the notion of "social exclusion" has given a new impetus to the debate about poverty and disadvantage. This paper assesses the extent of conceptual reconfiguration that the concept of social exclusion involves and the implications for empirical research and policy evaluation. It proceeds to examine critically the extent to which current notions of social exclusion risk neglecting patterns of inequality in the wider society. It concludes by arguing that the globalization of our market economies is tending to erode the support which more advantaged groups are ready to offer and to force retrenchment of the formal welfare organizations on which the poor can call. In a global economy, moral solidarity with the disadvantaged atrophies, and the national communities within which the postwar welfare states were built no longer serve as the focus for good neighbourliness.     

Responses to poverty in post-apartheid South Africa: some reflections

I discuss in this article the challenge of addressing people's psychosocial needs when the causes of problems are environmental or structural. I argue that poverty can be addressed only by tackling its structural causes and removing social inequalities. In so doing, I argue that a range of antipoverty measures introduced by the government have proved ineffective, including neoliberal measures to foster economic growth, such as GEAR and ASGISA, public works programmes, social security, and poverty alleviation projects (PAPS) which, while mildly effective, were poorly administered. My strategy of choice is an 'all hands to the pumps' approach involving participatory community development, social action, policy change and joint partnership between civil society, the state and the private sector. I do not suggest particular approaches or solutions but highlight the role of social workers and community development workers in poverty alleviation.     

Comparing income poverty gap and deprivation on social acceptance: A mediation model with interpersonal communication and social support

In many developed countries or regions, wide income disparities increase the difficulty in reducing poverty. In their day‐to‐day lives, poor people often feel less accepted by the society. The failures in communicating with social groups and receiving social support lead to negative consequences on individual well‐being and higher level of social exclusion. Based on the debate upon alternative approaches to conceptualizing and operationalizing poverty, this study attempts to verify a mediation model with data from a household survey (N = 1,202) in Hong Kong. The results of structural equation modelling reveal that deprivation is a more powerful indicator than income poverty for specifying the negative relations of poverty with interpersonal communication, social support, and social acceptance; the negative impact of deprivation on social acceptance can be reduced by two significant mediators of interpersonal communication and social support. The results are discussed in terms of directions for future research and policy and welfare intervention.     

Towards New Indicators of Disadvantage: Deprivation and Social Exclusion in Australia

Concern over the reliability of conventional poverty studies has focused attention on the need to demonstrate that those identified as poor are actually experiencing hardship. This paper takes a step in this direction by examining poverty using a living standards approach derived from the literature on deprivation and social exclusion. Deprivation – defined as an enforced lack of socially perceived necessities – has emerged as a way of identifying who is missing out on what the community regards as the necessities (or essentials) of life. Social exclusion – which exists when individuals do not participate in key activities in society – has opened up new areas of inquiry relating to a lack of connectedness between individuals, the communities in which they live, and key economic and social processes. The findings indicate that many Australians face deprivation and exclusion in numerous aspects of their lives, and that those defined as poor in income terms are different from those who are deprived or excluded. The low overlap between the three indicators implies that they all have a role to play in documenting the extent of social disadvantage and helping to identify the factors that contribute to its various manifestations.     

Estimating the impact of the Global Financial Crisis on poverty and deprivation

Although the Australian economy has avoided going into recession since the onset of the global financial crisis, relatively little is known about the social impact of the crisis. Survey and anecdotal evidence presented by a number of community sector NGOs suggest that the demand for emergency relief and other services rose in the aftermath of the crisis. This article reports results derived from two national surveys on poverty and social disadvantage that were conducted in 2006 and 2010 – prior to and after the crisis struck. The survey data allow income‐based poverty rates to be estimated as well as the extent and nature of deprivation, where deprivation is defined as being unable to afford items that a majority regards as essential: things that no‐one in Australia should have to go without. Poverty and deprivation are not alternative indicators but can be combined into a multi‐dimensional measure of consistent poverty. The paper examines how conventional (income) poverty, deprivation and consistent poverty changed between 2006 and 2010, and analyses the sensitivity of the results to alternative definitions. The findings provide the first comprehensive evidence on how the profile of social disadvantage in Australia changed in the period that spans the financial crisis.     

维护弱势群体的尊严:社会救助制度的重要伦理关切

社会进步的重要标志之一就是人的尊严不断提升,维护和提升人的尊严是构建社会主义和谐社会应有之义。人的尊严是一种价值,也是一种权利,本质上是人的社会性的价值表达。人的尊严问题特别与弱势群体相关,弱势群体具有贫困性、脆弱性和易受伤害性的特性,使他们更容易受到侮辱,他们有更强烈的尊严诉求。维护弱势群体的尊严是社会救助制度的重要伦理关切。     

论社会工作在临海家庭扶贫中的介入模式及优势——兼析广东“双到”扶贫模式

对临海贫困家庭进行社会工作介入有着特别的学科意义与现实的社会意义。目前行政主导扶贫模式虽有快速脱贫优势,但也有其潜在问题。针对临海家庭具体致贫原因,社会工作拥有多种合适介入模式与工作方法。社会工作专业使命与学科特性决定了社工扶贫模式相对于行政主导扶贫模式而言,无疑是一种集专业性、高效性、长效性等多种优势于一体的社会反贫困机制。走社工扶贫模式的社会扶贫道路是社会发展趋势,也应是中国社会的理性选择。     

Religiosity,citizenship and attitudes to social policy issues

Many social policy objectives align with religious beliefs – poverty alleviation, compassion for the poor and addressing more generally the needs of the vulnerable and disadvantaged in society. Yet there are also conflicting views about means, including the role of the state in redistributing resources from the rich and powerful to the poor and powerless. Redistribution and poverty alleviation are central goals of the welfare state, although ideological and other differences mean that views about the need for, as well as the design, delivery and impact of social programs vary. Against this background, this paper reviews existing national and international studies that have examined how religious belief and practice are associated with the attitudes that underpin the welfare state: compassion, altruism, redistribution and egalitarianism, and the activities that are assumed to align with modern conceptions of ‘a good civic citizen‘: participation and engagement. The analysis draws on recent Australian survey data to examine whether the attitudes of those who actively practice their religious beliefs differ from other groups in society and, if so, whether those differences are consistent with the underlying goals of social policy.     

需求取向社区贫困家庭志愿服务的探索

贫困救助是我国社会服务的永恒主题,城市最低生活保障制度和农村五保制度为解决贫困问题提供了制度保障。但是,贫困是一个复杂的持续性的社会问题,社会保障政策的公共性与弹性要求以及社会的不断变迁,使得贫困救助需求的差异性和变化性难以得到有效满足。社区志愿服务以其贴近居民生活的服务特点,可以有效地填补社会救助政策的漏洞。本文描述了社区贫困家庭的现状及其特点,揭示了当前社区服务和社会政策存在的缝隙;立足社区贫困家庭的需要,提出了社区贫困家庭志愿服务应该提供的主要服务内容,寄望建设一个符合中国社会文化情境和具体家庭需求的社区贫困家庭志愿服务。     

需求取向社区贫困家庭志愿服务的探索

贫困救助是我国社会服务的永恒主题,城市最低生活保障制度和农村五保制度为解决贫困问题提供了制度保障。但是,贫困是一个复杂的持续性的社会问题,社会保障政策的公共性与弹性要求以及社会的不断变迁,使得贫困救助需求的差异性和变化性难以得到有效满足。社区志愿服务以其贴近居民生活的服务特点,可以有效地填补社会救助政策的漏洞。本文描述了社区贫困家庭的现状及其特点,揭示了当前社区服务和社会政策存在的缝隙;立足社区贫困家庭的需要,提出了社区贫困家庭志愿服务应该提供的主要服务内容,寄望建设一个符合中国社会文化情境和具体家庭需求的社区贫困家庭志愿服务。