精准扶贫视角下的瑶族服饰资源开发研究

精准扶贫是新时期党中央治理我国贫困问题的重要决策,其核心要义就是真扶贫、扶真贫、真脱贫.我国少数民族地区的经济社会文化发展普遍滞后,是我国扶贫攻坚的重点区域,准确理解和贯彻落实精准扶贫政策对民族地区脱贫致富具有重要意义.本文从丰富多彩的瑶族服饰文化资源入手,在论证瑶族服饰资源独特的开发价值的基础上,对目前瑶族服饰资源开发中存在的问题及其对策措施进行进一步分析和探讨,提出了依托大众传媒,将瑶族服饰文化用于创意产业开发、设立专项基金、扶持具有瑶族服饰特色的产业等一系列具有针对性和独特性的意见建议,以期为瑶族地区的精准扶贫实践提供有益的理论参考.     

西藏扶贫:文献综述及研究展望

1995-2019年中国知网关于"西藏扶贫"的文献统计,从时间序列上分析,1995—2011年,呈现一个较为平稳的状态,2011—2013年,出现小幅度上升的态势,2014—2016年,呈现稳步上升的态势,2017—2018年,再次呈现上升态势并出现研究热点;从研究内容上分析,主要包括扶贫政策实施历程梳理、贫困特征和致贫原因、面临的问题、制约因素、脱贫攻坚的创新路径等方面。2020年后,西藏贫困治理应重视返贫问题和相对贫困问题;重视扶贫绩效测评及评估纠偏;实现与其他公共政策的有机衔接;重视直过和人口较少民族贫困治理;重视经验推广和应用实践。     

少数民族地区精准扶贫问题研究述评

在全面建成小康社会背景下,特别是习近平精准扶贫思想提出以来,关于民族地区精准扶贫的研究进展较快,学术队伍不断壮大,研究成果逐渐丰富。集中体现在对精准扶贫的概念界定、主要内容及其本质的剖析;精准扶贫的历史背景考查;实施精准扶贫的现实困境及其对策路径分析等。现有研究也存在问题:研究队伍有待进一步扩大,研究成果的数量及质量有待提高,相关研究成果有一定程度的同质化倾向等。     

精准扶贫中的干群关系研究——以贵州省印江土家族苗族自治县为例

精准扶贫是近年来学界关注的热点之一,同时干群关系也是研究的持续关注点,但以干群视角分析精准扶贫的成果较少。文章以贵州省印江土家族苗族自治县(以下称印江县)为田野点,说明印江县精准扶贫中干群关系存在的问题及应对这些问题采取的措施,并分析其功效。经过调研,笔者认为印江县精准扶贫中的干群关系存在群众参与感不强、资源竞争的破坏和文化发展滞后等诸多问题。同时,也采取了干部工作制度、干部奖惩制度和扶贫实践等措施改善干群关系。总体而言,精准扶贫也为印江县干群关系的发展带来了契机,精准扶贫工作中,大量印江县干部深入基层,与群众逐步构建出紧密的干群关系。     

民族地区精准扶贫的调查与思考——以临夏县A村为例

精准扶贫是当前我国一项重要的扶贫战略,是解决当前贫困问题的重要途径,而民族地区是相对贫困较为严重的区域。本文通过对甘肃省临夏县A村精准扶贫相关问题的调研,认为A村通过精准扶贫的实施,取得了明显的成效,但是仍有扶贫措施针对性不强、创新性不足、思维方式转变滞后等问题,针对这些问题提出了相应的对策建议。     

以绿色减贫推动精准扶贫 实现民族地区可持续发展

绿色减贫契合了"保护生态就是保护生产力""绿水青山就是金山银山"的理念,在适度开发、减少贫困的同时,为民族地区留足持续发展的生态资本,走出一条发展经济、消除贫困、优化环境的新路。民族地区要以习近平生态文明思想和习近平总书记关于扶贫开发重要论述为指引,把绿色发展理念贯穿扶贫脱贫全过程,以绿色减贫推动精准扶贫,最终实现可持续发展和精准脱贫。     

贫困文化理论对文化扶贫的启示及对策建议

贫困文化理论是人们对贫困现象思考的一次转向,是从纯粹经济理论解释转向文化理论解释的一次转向,对文化扶贫的启示性体现在以下两点:第一,重视贫困文化的正功能,文化扶贫要有“破”有“立”、破立结合.第二,重视贫困文化的代际传递机制,加大力度促进子代贫困群体的文化脱贫.因此,文化扶贫应该注重以下两个方面的对策:第一,大力弘扬贫困文化中的有利于社会发展和人类幸福的文化特质;第二,加强对贫困文化传承载体——子代贫困群体的文化扶贫.     

扶贫视阈下甘孜州县域旅游产业竞争力研究

Tourism is the pillar industry of Ganzi Prefecture, and it is of great practical signif-icance to the study of the competitiveness of county-level tourism industry in Ganzi Prefecture. This paper constructs an indicator system of evaluating competitiveness of the county tourism industry from four dimensions, including the development of the tourism industry, the development of related indus-tries, the economic environment and transport con-ditions. The paper studies the competitiveness of the county tourism industry of Ganzi prefecture in 2013 via the entropy method, and then analyzes the differences and shortcomings of the county’s ca-pability to alleviate poverty through tourism. The results show that, first of all, the various counties’ capability to alleviate poverty through tourism in Ganzi is obviously different from each other: the eastern counties are relatively strong in this area, the northern counties are somewhere in the middle, and the southern counties struggle. Secondly, the development of tourism and related industries has a great impact on the competitiveness of the county tourism industry, and that the counties generally have shortcomings in their transport conditions. Thirdly, the restricting factors on the competitive-ness of the county tourism industry are complicat-ed, and the strategy of tourism development should be formulated with regard to these issues. Based on this situation, this article proposes the following suggestions: 1 ) Various counties in Ganzi prefecture should strengthen their research into and promotion of poverty alleviation through tourism, accelerate the development of their basic infrastructure, and improve the transport condi-tions;2 ) the counties in the east of the prefecture should increase investment into transportation, op-timize their industrial structure, and promote the development of the tertiary service sector; 3 ) the counties in the north should develop their own po-tential, strengthen economic construction, improve GDP per capita, and promote the service industry, including restaurants and hotels; 4 ) The counties in the south should pay attention to the publicizing and construction of their own brand of tourism, im-proving their brand awareness and popularity. In summary, Ganzi prefecture should take poverty alleviation as a chance to innovate a meth-od for poverty alleviation, paying special attention to poverty alleviation through tourism, improving relevant policies, and promoting the tourism indus-try of its counties.     

民族地区农村精准扶贫中低保瞄准的分析

精准扶贫"五个一批"中的社会保障兜底一批强调的是农村社会保障制度要瞄准因病残、年老体弱、丧失劳动能力以及生存条件恶劣等原因而生活长年困难的农村居民。本文基于两套大样本的民族地区经济社会综合调查数据,对民族地区农村2011年、2013—2014年低保瞄准的精准度进行了分析研究,主要结论有:民族地区农村低保瞄准的精准度不断提高,少数民族家庭的低保瞄准较之汉族家庭更加精准。由于民族地区农村低保户的确定条件不一定是单一的收入标准,所以根据家庭收入标准可视为低保瞄准脱靶的家庭,如果按照近期的多维贫困标准,有些则仍在贫困标准范围内。2015年特别是党的十八大以后,民族地区农村低保的瞄准更加精准。     

服务经济视阈下民族贫困地区乡村产业扶贫创新研究

服务经济聚集技术、资金、人才、市场等要素,倡导服务能力和服务效率,引导产业组织变革。基于服务经济理论,文章构建了地方政府、扶贫工作队、第一书记、村两委、公共服务部门、网络平台企业、社会力量等主体之间,在扶贫活动中产业、资源要素需要相互协调与联动的框架,用服务创新民族贫困地区乡村产业扶贫模式。由于民族贫困地区乡村产业经营主体存在缺乏市场深度挖掘、社会关系网络相对单薄、参与主体提供市场化服务程度低等问题,需要地方政府营造乡村产业发展服务氛围,扶贫工作队、第一书记、村两委抓实乡村产业服务实体,网络平台企业及社会力量提供专业化服务手段,确保乡村产业发展为扶贫事业提供支持。     

乡村空间的有效衔接——民族地区脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的路径

村落作为乡村振兴的基本空间单元,直接关系着脱贫攻坚的巩固和拓展。随着城镇化的快速推进,民族地区出现了村落萎缩、组织体系崩溃、价值体系扭曲、内生动力与脱贫稳定性不足等问题。脱贫攻坚具有的乡村空间内涵以及与乡村空间的潜在关系问题日益凸显。基于空间研究视角解构乡村振兴战略下民族地区脱贫攻坚面临的问题,有利于改善和提升脱贫攻坚效能。以提升内生动力为中心和多层协同自主治理是新时期脱贫攻坚与乡村空间关系优化的基本路径。乡村振兴的实现应基于乡村空间整体的综合考虑与整合推进,建立包括家庭、学校、社区内公共机构等参与的乡村振兴学习共同体,促进乡村空间多功能协同转型,显示出脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接路径之全新的空间维度。     

精准扶贫视角下西藏普及国家通用语言文字存在的问题及对策研究

2018年以来,随着《推普脱贫攻坚行动计划(2018—2020)》的发布,“语言扶贫”逐渐被学界关注,“扶贫先扶智,扶智先通语”成为共识。通过“语言扶贫”,可以最大限度地让普通话与规范汉字在精准扶贫工作中发挥“语言红利”。因此,应该提升农村与少数民族地区普通话普及率,规范汉字使用水平。依据语言调查结果,结合个案研究数据,对西藏国家通用语言文字的使用现状、存在问题进行了描述与分析。从西藏的特殊区情与语言使用情况出发,提出了在西藏普及国家通用语言文字策略,为西藏地区普及国家通用语言文字、提升文化教育素质、推进现实经济发展与文化脱贫提供了有效的建议。     

尴尬与出路:旅游扶贫视角下西南民族村寨文化遗产管理研究

以民族村寨为基本单元的"旅游扶贫"是西南民族地区在反贫困实践中创出的重要扶贫开发模式。然而,既要利用文化遗产发展旅游业,又要成功保护文化遗产,本身就是世界性难题。现实中,旅游扶贫是政治驱动,地方政府关注焦点在经济利益上,文化遗产管理有名无实,长期缺位,导致民族村寨文化遗产遭遇"漏损"、"过滤"等尴尬,甚或有失忆的危险。理论上,文化旅游与文化遗产管理并不冲突,但实践上需要管理机构从文化遗产价值发掘整理与表达、有效信息传播、开发评估、利益合作机制建立、法律保障等方面适时"补位",才可能助推文化旅游与文化遗产管理建立可持续协同关系。     

新农合对四川藏区的减贫效应分析

The New Rural Cooperative Medi-cal System ( hereafter NRCMS) in Tibetan areas of Sichuan was started in Wenchuan in 2005 , and by 2008 covered all of the province’s Tibetan areas. This paper studies the effects of the NRCMS on im-proving the health of and alleviating poverty for farmers and herdsmen in Tibetan area of Sichuan. Most parts of the Tibetan areas of Sichuan are located in high altitude districts. Thirty two coun-ties of these areas are classified as “National Pov-erty Counties”. Poverty and disease go hand in hand in these regions. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are the major endemics in the pas-toral and agro-pastoral areas of Sichuan. Endemic, infectious and chronic diseases are widespread in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas. More than 70% of pa-tients are workers from 20 to 60 years old. Disea-ses are more prevalent in women than in men. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are cur-rently incurable. Patients suffer from health prob-lems, which leads to a decrease in their income and the heavy burden of medical expenses. The new rural cooperative medical system alleviates the negative effects of farmers’ falling into, or back in-to poverty due to disease. However, the existing medical compensation mechanism is not sufficient to solve the problem. The greatest impact of NRCMS on the farmers and herdsmen in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas is that the system has gradually changed local people’s medi-cal behavior, as well as their underlying ideas a-bout medicine: they begin to believe in hospitals. In particular, more pregnant women are choosing to give birth in hospitals, which reduces the rate of infant mortality and postpartum diseases, and im-proves the health of women. Since the full coverage of the NRCMS in 2008 , the number of people participating in the system has reached the overall average level of Si-chuan province. By analyzing the data before and after the implementation of this system, and meas-uring the impact of the system on people’s health, it can be found that the NRCMS’s role in serving the vulnerable population, such as the elderly and infant children, is more marked. Since the implementation of the NRCMS, all administrative villages in Sichuan Tibetan areas have established village clinics, which solved the problem of a shortage of medicines and doctors in those areas. Farmers and herdsmen have conven-ient access to medical treatment, enhancing the ac-cessibility of medical service. After the implemen-tation of the NRCMS, the health of the elderly population in rural areas has improved. Infant mor-tality rates have dramatically fallen. The implementation of the NRCMS improved the medical service capacity of township hospitals and village clinics. And the NRCMS has brought the township hospitals and village clinics into its scope of compensation, which greatly promotes the utilization of primary medical services in Tibetan areas. The poverty reduction effect of the NRCMS can be analyzed from two aspects:Firstly, the im-
provement in health leads to increased income, be-cause good health can promote labor productivity. Meanwhile, the increase in income will in turn im-prove the overall level of health. Secondly, the in-patient and outpatient compensation rate is raised year by year, which reduces the medical fees of farmers, and prevents them from falling back into poverty.     

消除贫困的努力——从和平解放到自治区成立西藏城镇的扶贫救济与社会治理

和平解放前,受政教合一封建农奴制度的影响,西藏城镇贫困人口主要来源于农奴,西藏城镇社会救助多为简单零星行为,无法建立完备的社会救济和保障制度。和平解放后,西藏城镇救济和社会保障事业逐步开展,各项赈济和救助城镇乞丐、贫民及老弱病残等人群的举措在大范围实施,流浪街头的乞丐和流民过上新生活,长期失业的贫民获得工作就业机会并组建家庭,无人照顾的未成年孤儿被送进学校,孤老残疾人在福利院安享幸福晚年,城镇底层居民的基本生存生活和发展权益得到保障,社会公平正义得到彰显,过去那种混乱不整、肮脏不洁的城镇面貌得到改变,西藏人权事业取得巨大成就。