马克思的封建社会概念

封建社会是马克思社会形态理论中的重要概念,然而马克思生前没有明晰地界定它。本文从马克思所确定的研究目的、方法和视角出发,围绕着日耳曼公社、中世纪和农奴制几个相关概念,来揭示马克思封建社会概念。在马克思那里,封建社会是马克思为理解资产阶级社会而提出的重要概念,它是一个能够导致城乡对立的中世纪日耳曼社会。这种社会类型不同于亚细亚的、古典古代的社会,而且只有它才能导致后来为共产主义社会准备条件的资产阶级社会。     

春秋战国"百家争鸣"在后世封建社会没有重现的原因

春秋战国时代,中国历史进入了一次重要的巨变时代,这一时期,中国无论从政治上、经济上、文化上都发生了质的飞跃。生产力空前提高。生产力的大发展引起了阶级关系的剧烈变化,新兴的地主阶级替代了奴隶主阶级,社会动荡,诸候割据,列国纷争。旧的政治道德观念、伦理法则已被历史潮流所淘汰,新的学术的大争鸣,思想文化领域第一次出现了文化百花园的空前盛世的局面,国家的稳定,秦皇汉武一统天下的确立,中国走上了一条大一统封建中央集权制的大帝国的道路。适应这一集权政治的需要,汉武帝“独尊儒术”罢百家。从此百家争鸣局面结束了,致使其在后世封建社会很少重现。     

论传统文化理念对中国封建社会的制度锁定——中国封建社会长期延续的意识形态原因

文章以新制度经济学将意识形态作为制度变迁的重要变量,为解决中国封建社会为何长期延续问题提供了启示。崇尚和谐的中和理念、以德为本的文化理念、以农为本的经济理念、以民为本的政治理念构成了中国传统意识形态的基本结构。它决定了中国封建王朝的制度设计和政治决策,支撑了中国封建文明的长期繁荣,同时也对制度变迁的路径进行了锁定,成为中国封建社会长期延续的主因。     

试析中世纪西欧对犹太人的多重态度

西欧中世纪社会同时存在着对犹太人有利和不利的态度,这些态度随着时间和地域的变化而变化。不同的阶层在同一时期,同一阶层在不同的时期都对犹太人有着不同的态度。中世纪对待犹太人的态度的复杂性和矛盾性有着复杂的社会背景。     

基督教会在西欧中世纪的积极作用

基督教会在西欧中世纪历史上起到了不可低估的积极作用，它不仅继承发展了古代罗马的文明，而且重新创建了西欧社会的文明     

从骑士比武探中世纪西欧贵族社会的价值观念

在西欧中世纪社会,贵族社会的价值观念是当时社会价值体系的核心部分,不仅对当时社会其他阶层的价值观念具有辐射影响作用,而且对近代资产阶级的价值观念也具有不可低估的影响作用。中世纪贵族把比武视为其事业和必须履行的责任;比武揭示了中世纪贵族对荣誉、英勇、慷慨品质追求的价值观念。     

The Medieval Marquee: Church Portal Sculpture as Publicity

The complexity of movie marquees is well-known to those who frequent films with the avidity of the penitent seeking heaven. Thesymboliccontent of a marquee that has the name of the late John Wayne in The Searchers is subtly but forcefully apparent; we know what values are contained i n the lean and lone figure of Wayne, and behind him the values in Hollywood as transmitted through John Ford, the director. So it is with the “medieval marquee,” the Church portal sculpture, as Charles Altman makes clear, with the Church proclaiming its values, as it shores up the common people's belief in salvation and ensures the status quo of a class structure. The Church in the Middle Ages, according to Altman, is theentrepreneur, just as the film industry today mediates public taste with its seductive appeal; in both instances, it is the “well-planned marquee” which lures its customers inside.     

Russia: The Official Church Chooses the State

The author argues that relations with the state are still much more important to the Moscow Patriarchate than relations with its own flock.     

Food and Conflict in Europe in the Age of the Two World Wars

John Walter and Roger Schofield (eds), Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society (1989), xiv + 335(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £35.00).

Peter Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town 1660–1770 (1989), xxii + 416 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £37.50).

William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (1989), xi + 466, (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £17.50).

E. A. Wrigley, Continuity, Chance and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England (1988), vii + 146 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £17.50).

Pat Hudson, Regions and Industries: A Perspective on the Industrial Revolution in Britain (1989), xiii + 277 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £30.00).

Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments. The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid‐Victorian England (1989), xi + 282 (Virago Press, £12.99).

Gerald D. Surh, 1905 in St Petersburg: Labor, Society and Revolution (1989), xvii + 456 (Stanford University Press, Stanford, $45.00).

Geoffrey Swain

Bristol Polytechnic

Avner Offer, The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation (1989), xx + 449 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £25.00).

Arthur Marwick (ed.), Total War and Social Change (1988), 160 (Macmillan, £29.50, paperback £8.95).

Vladimir Andrle, Workers in Stalin's Russia: Industrialization and Social Change in a Planned Economy (1988), xii + 243 (Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, £40.00).

Hiroaki Kuromiya, Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928–1932 (1988), xviii + 364 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £27.50).

Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941 (1988), xv + 325 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £25.00).

Peter Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6: The Twentieth Century (1988) xviii + 866 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £60.00).

Morag Shiach, Discourse on Popular Culture (1989), viii + 238 (Polity Press, Cambridge, £25.00).     

解读古吉拉特教派冲突

发生在印度古吉拉特邦的教派冲突 ,始于 2 0 0 2年 2月末 ,至 5月中旬仍没有完全平息。此次冲突因死伤人数多、扩散速度快、涉及范围广和持续时间长 ,被称为自 1992年以来印度最严重的教派冲突 ,被印度总理瓦杰帕依称为“印度前额的黑记”和“印度的耻辱”。此次教派冲突给印度的政治稳定、经济发展和对外关系均带来了负面影响 ,对于宗教团体之间 (特别是印度教徒和穆斯林之间 )的团结和睦 ,更有着巨大的破坏作用。由于教派冲突涉及宗教传统、社会意识、政治发展、经济状况乃至国际关系等方方面面 ,加之印度巨大的地区差异 ,要对这次教派冲…     

明治文学中个性与儒学的冲突与互补

明治时代 ,君权至上、政治权冲击教育权、公共权侵犯私权、家长意志压制个性意志、儒学经典成为流行读物等现象 ,表现出浓郁的儒家氛围。随着近代化进程的发展 ,个性与本质上压抑个性的儒学势必发生激烈的冲突 ,个性正是在这种冲突的磨难中逐渐成长起来 ,无畏反抗、顽强搏击的个性人物陆续登场 ;与此同时 ,儒学中合理的价值观念也为个性发展提供了参照 ,使得个性在不断反思中走向成熟。明治文学真实而生动地反映了这种复杂的历史情境     

日本公司治理与国际化冲突

在日本社会中存在着共同体理念,该理念促成了公司治理的内外部的环境。但是泡沫经济爆发后,日本公司治理模式最近有所改变。现在日本公司治理模式的改革是在日本传统文化的框架之内,向美国式的公司治理模式方向发展,这也国际化趋势加强的必然结果。     

Family, Community, Church and State: Natural Parents Talking about Adoption in Ireland

Correspondence to Dr M. Wilson, Department of Applied Social Studies, University College, Cork, Ireland. E-mail: m.wilson{at}ucc.ie Summary This paper documents women’s experiences of relinquishinga child for adoption in Ireland. This group have long been silencedand largely invisible. The focus of the research on which thispaper is based was to provide a means for the women to sharetheir experiences of the process of concealment and ostracismand to review the socially sanctioned solutions particular toIrish society. The issues that emerge encompass personal, culturaland societal influences and the implications for future policyand practice are explored.     

The Ethnicization of the Yulanpen Festival in Medieval China

InmedievalChina,specificallyfromtheFasternJintotheSouthernSongdynasties,inindigenousHanBuddhistmonasteriesandamongcourtandcommoner,theYulanpenFast(zhai),alsocalledtheYulanpenFestival(jie),wasannuallycelebratedonthe15thdayofthe7thlunarmonth,theMid-AutumnFestival.ThewordYulanPenwastakenfromFuoshuoyulaopenjingtranslatedintheWesternJindynastybythemonkDharmaraksa,andwasatransliterationoftheSanskritullambanameaning"toinvertoremptyacontainer."lDharmaraksa,intransliteratingbanaaspen(abowlorves…