明清时期西南民族地区宗族组织的结构、特点与作用

明清时期西南民族地区乡村社会宗族组织的结构包括宗祠、族谱、族训族规、族长及族田.宗族组织具有族内的等级性、族长的权威性、执法的宗法性、族田的福利性等特点.由于明清中央王朝在意识形态上对宗族组织提供支持,这无形之中鼓励了宗族组织的快速发展,故使以血缘关系为纽带的宗族组织,不仅成为明清时期西南民族地区乡村社会重要的组成部分,而且也成为维护中央王朝统治和封建宗法伦理秩序的有力工具.     

左宗棠镇压陕甘回族起义方略及善后措施述评

同治年间陕甘回族起义爆发后,沉重地打击了清朝的统治,清政府在一筹莫展中调左宗棠前来镇压。左宗棠是镇压太平天国和捻军的老手,手段残酷,经验丰富,深受清政府信赖。他在镇压陕甘回族起义的过程中,采取了一系列极其残酷的反动措施,一步一步地将长达12年的陕甘广大回族为争取民族生存,宗教信仰权利的斗争镇压下去。     

明清时期湖南瑶族分布概说

<正> 明清时期,湖南瑶族分布格局发生了两大变化。一是就全国而言,湘瑶的重要性有所下降。宋代,湘瑶势力发展至鼎盛时期。规模大、影响广的瑶民起义均发生在湖南,庆历年间唐和、盘知谅领导的桂阳兰山县华阴峒瑶民起义,嘉定年间罗世传、李元砺领导的黑风峒瑶民起义,即是突出例证。至明清时期,粤西瑶人的分布范围与人数之众,已在湘瑶之上。一是就湖南地区而言,湘北瑶人势力转弱。唐代,莫瑶射雁潇湘洞庭间。宋代,瑶族系统的“梅山蛮”居地,北及益阳。至明清时期,湘北瑶人日益减少,至于洞庭湖畔,则再难觅见瑶人活动迹影了。     

谈清代李文学领导的哀牢山彝民起义

公元一八五六年,云南哀牢山区爆发了李文学(又名正学)领导的以彝族人民为主体,并有哈尼、汉、回、苗、傈僳等各族人民参加的农民起义。这次反清运动影响所及范围,包括现今云南省西南部巍山、弥渡、南华、楚雄、双柏、景东、镇沅、新平、墨江、元江等十个县的全部、大部或一部地区,面积约三万平方公里,人口约五十万左右。运动的中心,在哀牢山脉上段。起义沉重地打击了清政府在云南的反动统治,在中国各族人民革命斗争史上留下了光辉的一页。本文拟对此次起义,特别是对起义军的土地政策、经济措施和民族关系等问题作初步探索。     

侬智高是壮民族英雄——与万揆一先生商榷

宋代时 ,广源州壮族首领侬智高因外遭交趾侵掠 ,内受宋王朝拒纳防范 ,为了图谋民族的生存与发展 ,愤而率众起义 ,沉重打击了宋王朝在岭南的统治势力 ,促使宋王朝调整对岭南民族的统治政策 ,加强了南疆的防务。因此 ,侬智高领导的反抗封建压迫的民族起义是正义的战争 ,侬智高是壮民族的英雄 ,其历史作用应该得到肯定     

唐代伊州考

两汉时期古代哈密——即伊吾一直是引人注目的一块绿洲。 隋朝时,伊吾是在西突厥汗国的势力统治之下。隋末铁勒诸部的起义沉重地打击了西突厥在这里的统治,为隋朝统一西域奠定了基础。“炀帝嗣位……岁余,以(薛)世雄为玉门道行军大将,与突厥君民可汗连兵击伊吾……世雄遂于汉旧伊吾城东筑城”“大业六年(公元610年)得其地以为伊吾郡”。     

太平天国革命时期张秀眉领导的苗族农民起义(1855——1873)

十九世纪五十年代,在太平天国革命的影响和推动下,贵州各地先后爆发了反抗清朝统治的农民起义。其中,张秀眉等领导的黔东南地区的苗族农民起义,是规模比较大、斗争时间也比较长的一次。这次起义坚持了十八年之久,它和当地以汉族农民为主体的号军、教军以及布依族、侗族、水族、回族等农民起义队伍互相配合,有力地打击了清朝在贵州的统治势力,直接和间接地支援了太平天国的革命斗争。     

论杜文秀义军的民族团结政策

咸同年间,杜文秀领导的云南各族人民反清大起义,坚持斗争18年,给清王朝在云南的统治以沉重打击。这次起义虽然以失败告终,但留给了各族人民许多宝贵的革命斗争经验教训。其中最为珍贵的是:民族团结政策。 在阶级社会中,阶级矛盾是社会的基本矛盾,它支配和决定着其它的矛盾。一个国家,往往由若干个民族组成。各民族之间既有一致,也有矛盾。在一定的条件下,民族矛盾会激化,暂时呈现为社会的主要矛盾,但各民族内部和各民族之间始终存在着不可调和的阶级矛盾,尖锐的民族矛盾终必为尖锐的阶级矛盾所代替。中国几千年阶级社会的历史表明,统治阶级为了维护和巩固其统治地位,既要压迫剥削本民族的人民,又要压迫剥削其它民族的人民。排挤、歧视被统治的民族和挑拨离间各民族之间的关系,以民族矛盾掩盖阶级矛盾,转     

近十年来关于明清时期安多、康区历史研究的量化分析

元明清时期是安多、康区的形成与发展时期,关于安多、康区的历史研究主要集中在明清这一时期。以统计的方法量化分析明清安多、康区历史研究现状,对于学界研究安多、康区历史研究所涉及政治、经济、民族、宗教等提供科学具有重要的参考价值。     

张居正安抚西南少数民族历史透视

万历初年,针对广西、四川等处的民族反抗斗争,张居正改革集团一方面推行了调整贡赋制度、招抚叛乱"降夷"、发展社会经济、调处民族矛盾等卓有成效的民族政策;另一方面坚持以"剿"为主的民族政策,对西南少数民族起义进行了大规模的军事镇压。这些民族政策虽然短期内巩固了西南边疆统治,但却加深了民族矛盾,无益于多民族国家的巩固和发展。     

Equity,inclusion, and antiblackness in mathematics education

ABSTRACT

Despite decades of equity- and inclusion-oriented discourse and reform in mathematics education, Black learners in the U.S. continue to experience dehumanizing and violent forms of mathematics education. I suggest that equity for Black learners in mathematics education is a delusion rooted in the fictions of white imaginaries, contingent on appeasing white logics and sensitivities, and characterized at best by incremental changes that do little to threaten the maintenance of racial hierarchies inside or outside of mathematics education. Moreover, the forms of inclusion offered up in equity-oriented discourses and reforms represent contexts of containment and enclosure that keep Black people in their same relative position. Refusal is suggested as a strategy for Black learners to resist the anti-Black character of mathematics education, and as a first step in actualizing forms of mathematics education that are worthy of Black learners.     

Bushfire catastrophe in Victoria,Australia: public record,accountability, commemoration,memorialization and heritage protection

In Australia, 7 February 2009 has become known as ‘Black Saturday’ because of the bushfire catastrophe that took 173 lives and devastated communities in the central parts of the State of Victoria. The paper considers how the 2009 fires have been recorded, how the issue of accountability has been dealt with, particularly in relation to the State and its agencies but also individual residents in the fire-devastated areas, and how bushfire deaths and other losses have been commemorated through remembrance events and museum collection projects and memorialized through the creation of new monuments and the protection of remaining physical structures as official heritage. Despite the major impact of bushfires on the State, to date few bushfire-related places have been protected. The former Cockatoo Kindergarten, which acted as a community refuge during an earlier catastrophic Victorian bushfire on Ash Wednesday, 16 February 1983, is an exception. Inscribed in 2012, the former kindergarten is the only bushfire-related place inscribed on the Victorian Heritage Register, in this case for its historical and social value as a place resonating with other communities affected by other bushfires and helping the broader Victorian public to come to terms with bushfire catastrophe. But, while bushfire commemoration activities and physical memorials, like those relating to war, help many societies remember individual and community pain and suffering, they can divert attention from the more fundamental questions of why they were there in the first place and what must be done to ensure the same catastrophe does not recur in the future. In this regard, the paper questions the oft-cited claim that bushfires are embedded in the Australian psyche, seeing links between the rhetoric around bushfire survival and Australian myth-making and nation-building.     

Flexible ethnic identity,adaptation, survival,resistance: The Garifuna in the world-system

In this paper we examine flexible ethnic identity formation as a mechanism of accommodation and resistance deployed by a particular social group with origins in the periphery as they respond to changing political and economic forces in the world-system. This paper addresses criticisms that world-system analyses are ‘too macro’ or ‘structurally deterministic’ by examining on the ground action and responses by a local oppositional movement within its broad political and economic context. Its focus is an historical case study of a particular group of people whose origins lie in European colonial expansion into the Caribbean in the seventeenth century. The paper begins by recounting ethnographic reports of Garifuna origin myths, then sketches this group's forced incorporation in a colonial world-system (and their responses), discusses their assignment to ‘minority group’ status within newly independent Belize at about the same time they are establishing transnational communities via migration to the United States, and concludes with some thoughts on the emerging ‘virtual communities’ of Garifuna and indigenous peoples around the world that are emerging on the worldwide web today. We explore what the notion of ethnic identity means in this particular case, and how and why it changes over time. We also try to understand if this flexible identity, and the social movements that arise as it is redefined, can be understood as a form of ‘resistance’. Finally, we ask if diasporic identity movements of indigenous people, like the Garifuna, actually or potentially can contribute to rising challenges against the forces of contemporary ‘globalization’.     

Hispanic Fertility,Immigration, and Race in the Twenty-First Century

In this paper, we systematically describe the connection between immigration and fertility in light of the increasing nativist reaction to Hispanic groups. We follow a life-course perspective to directly link migration and fertility transitions. The analysis combines original qualitative and quantitative data collected in Durham/Chapel Hill, NC as well as national level information from the current population survey. The qualitative data provide a person-centered approach to the connection between migration and fertility that we then extend in quantitative analyses. Results demonstrate that standard demographic measures that treat migration and fertility as separate processes considerably distort the childbearing experience of immigrant women, inflating fertility estimates for Hispanics as a whole. Once this connection is taken into consideration, the fertility levels of Hispanic women are much lower than those reported with standard measures and the fertility-specific contribution of Hispanics to US population growth is much reduced.     

Political Institutions,Elites, and Territorial Identity Formation in Belgium

Territorial identities in Belgium require a political rather than a cultural or structural explanation. The forces behind the development of identities in Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels and the German-speaking area are similar to the ones that produced the Belgian identity they are challenging. Political institutions and elites are at the heart of the process of territorial identity formation in Belgium. The emergence of Walloon and Flemish identities in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was the by-product of a struggle between the dominant French-speaking bourgeoisie and the traditional Flemish lower bourgeoisie within the institutional context of the early Belgian state. Transformations in the party system and reforms to political-territorial institutions in the last 40 years have strengthened these identities and created entirely new ones.     

Young,Black, and (Still) in the Red: Parental Wealth,Race, and Student Loan Debt

Taking out student loans to assist with the costs of postsecondary schooling in the US has become the norm in recent decades. The debt burden young adults acquire during the higher education process, however, is increasingly stratified with black young adults holding greater debt burden than whites. Using data from the NLSY 1997 cohort, we examine racial differences in student loan debt acquisition and parental net wealth as a predictor contributing to this growing divide. We have four main results. First, confirming prior research, black young adults have substantially more debt than their white counterparts. Second, we find that this difference is partially explained by differences in wealth, family background, postsecondary educational differences, and family contributions to college. Third, young adults’ net worth explain a portion of the black–white disparity in debt, suggesting that both differences in accumulation of debt and ability to repay debt in young adulthood explain racial disparities in debt. Fourth, the black–white disparity in debt is greatest at the highest levels of parents’ net worth. Our findings show that while social and economic experiences can help explain racial disparities in debt, the situation is more precarious for black youth, who are not protected by their parents’ wealth. This suggests that the increasing costs of higher education and corresponding rise in student loan debt are creating a new form of stratification for recent cohorts of young adults, and that student loan debt may be a new mechanism by which racial economic disparities are inherited across generations.     

营口地区盖州市万福镇贵子沟村赤山山城考察报告

本文在实地考察的基础上,对赤山山城的地理位置、山城的形制与结构进行了论述.     

Native lands: language,nation and landscape in the Taal Monument,Paarl, South Africa

The paper focuses on the relationship between language, landscape, politics and culture in the monument to the Afrikaans language – the Taal Monument, completed in 1975 in Paarl, South Africa. Despite the apparent cultural and political control of the apartheid state at this time, an analysis of the representation and iconography of the monument enables it to be read as a site in which race, language and meaning are contested. The paper reveals how the attempt by the Nationalists to simultaneously narrate the landscape as natives and to hold the claim of others at bay contributed to the uncertainties, contradictions and ambiguities of both the monument and the wider landscape.