农村义务教育均衡发展的财政对策研究

农村义务教育落后是我国长期存在的问题,一个重要原因是城乡教育资源配置不合理,无法切实保障农村地区义务教育事业的发展。这种二元化的教育结构已经影响到中国人口的教育质量,社会的公平与协调发展。农村税费改革后,原有的收费取消了,新的资金来源缺乏保证,城乡义务教育差距有进一步拉大的风险。积极有效地配置财政教育经费,有利于保证农村义务教育资金,提高农村教师的经济地位,改善农村义务教育水平,使城乡义务教育均衡发展。     

日本农业财政投入结构性变化分析

日本农业财政规模经历了经济高速增长期的膨胀,WTO农业协议体制下相对稳定维持在较高水平,及2000年后总量减少的阶段性变化。长期以来财政投入重点是农产品价格和流通领域,财政投入的目标是改善农业生产的基本条件,提高生产者收入水平。WTO体制下农业财政投入结构发生变化,投入重点转向一般公共服务,而农村基础设施建设、农业科研仍是重中之重。农业财政的目标是改善农业生产的基本条件和保护生态环境,财政投入的任务是保证粮食安全,提高农业产业竞争力。目前日本农业财政处于减少总量,调整投入结构的阶段,直接补贴形式的农业财政投入将会逐步增加。     

农村教育与二元经济社会结构--城乡教育比较与我国教育当前急需解决的问题

中国的二元经济社会结构主要是由制度和政策的力量“构筑”起来的“体制性二元结构”。教育的城乡差别是整个二元经济社会结构的一个组成部分,城市是财政出钱,农村是农民自己买单。政府承诺到2007年在全国农村实行免费义务教育,当前急需解决的问题是:在公共支出排序中教育投入应放在第一位,义务教育投资应该由中央和省级财政统筹解决,在义务教育、中等教育和大学教育三者之间首先保证义务教育投入,在城乡之间首先保证农村贫困地区的义务教育投入,要特别重视农村贫困地区女孩子的义务教育问题,要下大力气解决农村的师资瓶颈问题,切实解决农民工子女上学问题。     

农民工随迁子女教育公平的财政实现机制探析

农民工随迁子女的教育公平是现代城市化进程中社会公平的重要内容与客观要求。教育公平主要通过教育资源的优化配置实现每个受教育者能享受到均等的教育,它包含教育机会公平、教育过程公平和教育质量公平。公共财政理论认为,教育属于准公共物品,这也是财政支持资源相对匮乏的农民工随迁子女的义务教育的理论依据。但由于其特殊性,应建立完善的政府间经费分担机制与财政监督机制。从财政支持农民工随迁子女教育公平的现状来看,教育机会公平显失、教育过程公平脆弱、教育质量公平任重道远。上述问题的根源在于农民工随迁子女财政教育经费投入不足、经费分担机制缺乏且不合理、缺乏专门的预算制度等。因此,针对上述问题,探寻完善财政实现机制,成为当前保障农民工随迁子女教育公平的必然选择。     

“在家教育”立法的现实诉求及框架构想——以北京市义务教育阶段为例

“在家教育”是区别于学校教育的教育形态.随着义务教育阶段“在家教育”案例的不断涌现,“在家教育”是否为实现义务教育的另一形式引发广泛讨论.通过对北京市“在家教育”案例的调查分析,探讨“在家教育”立法的现实诉求及其合理性,结合国外和中国台湾地区相关立法进程与法律条文,试图构建义务教育阶段“在家教育”立法的框架.     

落实公益项目 切实改善民生

2011年天津市发行福利彩票16．07亿元,较上年增长29．8％。当年提取福利彩票公益金4．7亿元,较上年增长22．4％。上缴中央2．35亿元,地方留存公益金2．35亿元,两项均较上年增长22．4％。2011年资助公益性项目26项,投入福利彩票公益金14974万元,带动了38941万元的财政资金投入和11780万元社会资本投入。增加了收养床位3345张,直接受益群众达27425人。     

城市化进程中流动人口随迁子女义务教育问题研究——以北京市城乡结合部城市化改造为例

本文以2010年以来北京市城乡结合部50个重点村城市化改造为例,对城市化改造中流动人口子女义务教育问题进行研究。频繁的城市化改造对流动人口子女义务教育产生的影响不能小觑。解决流动人口子女义务教育问题需要"解放思想,实事求是":应随城市化进程中流动人口的迁徙就近改建、扩建、新建流动人口子女学校,扩建、新建的学校都应有可移动性和非营利性特点;对城区学校空余或增扩的学位,实行积分制梯级入学办法;建立适应流动人口子女义务教育需要的财政统筹支付体系。     

浙江公共财政民生投入研究

在金融危机的冲击下,扩大内需还是保障民生是我国十多年来财政预算或政府投资面临的选择困境.本文认为"扩大内需保增长"是具有GDP导向的政策目标,与保障民生目标既有一致性,亦有冲突性.本文借助浙江省地方财政民生投入面板数据,研究发现"扩大内需保增长"型财政政策并未对浙江民生投入产生显著的"排挤效应",并且各地区民生财政投入的地区不平衡性较大.在此基础上,本文从宏观、中观、微观等不同层面对进一步完善地方财政民生投入提出了一系列对策建议.上述研究结论及政策建议对进一步优化和保障民生投入具有政策借鉴意义.     

我国60年经济体制、财权制度与国有企业效率之关系研究

我国建国60年来经济体制改革、财政制度改革和以效率为中心的国有企业改革可分为两个大的阶段,即十一届三中全会之前和十一届三中全会之后,这两个阶段历程经济体制、财政制度与国有企业效率三项改革.研究发现,60年来,我国经济体制、财政制度与国有企业效率之间存在密切的相互关系."市场经济体制、财政分权制度、国有企业效率提升"是我国经济建设过程中制度长期博弈的均衡解,只有达到上述均衡状态,我国经济才能实现健康稳定和可持续发展,否则,我国经济运行将不具有平稳性和可持续性.     

人口爆炸——教育落后是主要原因

据联合国的统计资料，目前全球已有６０亿人口，该数字比１９６０年增加了２倍，最近１２年增加了１０亿人。今天，全世界的人口出生率已比过去降低。最近３０年世界人口年增长率已由过去的２％减至１３％。联合国估计，到２０００年为达到广义上的控制生育的目的需资金１７０亿美元，这笔基金的２／３将用于发展中国家，然而资金缺口相当大，例如１９９７年发达国家仅保证了协商需拨资金的１／３，发展中国家则更少，这种状况至今没有任何改善的迹象。专家们认为，为扭转世界人口增长过快的局面，必须下大力气改善人们的健康和教育水平。…     

CALCULATING THE TRUE COST OF PRIVATE SCHOOL EDUCATION: BASED ON A SURVEY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN SCHOOL FEES

The cost of a child's education should not be a mystery to consumers, yet little has been published about the true costs, and it is no simple task for parents to calculate. This paper seeks to fill a gap in the research literature that exists in relation to informing parents and educationalists alike as to the true cost of private school education. The term cost is used in the economic sense as encompassing not only the price paid for the product (school fees) but also the opportunity cost to the family in terms of what they forego in order to finance private schooling. Identifying opportunity cost is a useful means of assessing the impact of factors, other than financial, that are influential in determining whether or not private education is purchased. From a survey of South Australian private schools, we have been able to provide a detailed account of the price variations between the fees charged, as well as identifying a variety of additional ancillary charges. Based on the survey figures, we have projected the amount of money that needs to be taken out of the family budget in order to pay for a child's private schooling. At the time the survey was conducted the cost of private school education across three strata, on average, ranged from $13,400 to $42,246. We calculated that incremental family pretax incomes of between $20,303 and $64,009 would be required to fund this education. The amounts represent an opportunity cost to a family whereby money could be put to alternative uses such as home renovation, an overseas holiday, or a buffer against unexpected life events. We conclude that the outlay is substantial for many families and that greater transparency of all costs is needed for families to make informed financial plans to accommodate the overall cost of education for their children.     

大规模基础设施建设助力大发展

“十一五”期间，辽宁基础设施建设高歌猛进，公路、桥梁、港口、铁路、水库大坝、能源项目、农田水利、市政建设等等，一个个大项目大工程相继开工建设，并陆续投入使用。为全省经济发展蓄积强大的后劲，期间。累计完成投资1591亿元，为“十五”的2。5倍。“十二五”期间，辽宁交通基础设施建设预计完成投资2038亿元，其中港口建设投资906亿元，高速公路建设投资764亿元。     

北京义务教育非均衡发展的实证分析

本文从城乡角度和区域角度对北京义务教育均衡问题做了研究。结果表明,无论城乡之间还是区域之间,北京义务教育发展都不均衡。在家庭教育支出、学生经费投入及硬件设施方面差距明显;在教师数量上差距不大,但在教师质量上存在差距。最后,结合北京义务教育生源下降的大背景,提出政策建议。     

Improved governance of Indian school system through school consolidation

Formal education is provided in schools that should be accessible to citizens, facilitating them to reach the schools with ease, safety and without travelling too large a distance. The requirement of accessibility, however, brings into consideration the corresponding cost and resource utilization. There exists a vast school network in India, with many schools established under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program. However, the existence of too many schools, mostly low in enrolment, is creating problems in terms of quality of teaching and infrastructural facilities offered by these schools. This trade-off between large size schools having good infrastructure and conducive ecosystem, and many small schools deprived of it, can be addressed by appropriate school consolidation. The current study presents a mathematical programming model for school consolidation that aims to minimize the total disruption and transfer the students to an alternative school considering the school network. The model is then applied to a case for a district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Various scenario runs have been done to come out with the appropriate policy parameters for the given district and the results are highly encouraging. The model and analysis can be replicated as well as customized according to the needs of different states.     

Gray Peril or Loyal Support? The Effects of the Elderly on Educational Expenditures*

Objectives. Do large concentrations of elderly represent a “gray peril” to maintaining adequate educational expenditures? The gray peril hypothesis is based on an assumption of instrumental self‐interest in political behavior. In contrast, we argue that loyalty to community schools competes with economic self‐interest and that older citizens are heterogeneous in their preferences. Methods. We test these arguments and their implications for public school finance using a data set of more than 9,000 school districts. Results. The data show that longstanding older residents represent a source of support for educational expenditures while elderly migrants lower spending. Further, this divide among the elderly and their impact on policy outputs depends on how states finance local public education and on aspects of state and local tax policy. Conclusions. Elderly concentrations are a financial asset for a school district unless the senior community includes a large number of new arrivals. The design of tax policy can have enormous impact on the depth of political cleavages and their ultimate impact on public policy. The results are consistent with the idea that loyalty—an emotional bond between residents and their community's institutions—competes with and often trumps instrumental self interest.     

Effect of financial development on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa

This paper examines the overall economic growth effect when the growth in finance and real sector is disproportionate relying on panel data for 29 sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1980–2014. Results from the system generalized methods of moments (GMM) reveal that, while financial development supports economic growth, the extent to which finance helps growth depends crucially on the simultaneous growth of real and financial sectors. The elasticity of growth to changes in either size of the real or financial sector is higher under balanced sectoral growth. We also show that rapid and unbridled credit growth comes at a huge cost to economic growth with consequences stemming from financing of risky and unsustainable investments coupled with superfluous consumption fueling inflation. However, the pass-through excess finance–economic growth effect via the investment channel is stronger.     

1928-1937年北平市小学教育探析

1928年北平特别市成立时,小学教育百废待兴。为普及义务教育,北平市政府在整顿公私立小学的同时,大力兴办短期小学及简易小学,实行二部制教学,以救济失学儿童;改善小学教职员的待遇,加强教职员的检定和培训,以提高师资水平。从小学课程设置上来看,最为显著的是在各小学校全面设置党义课,并十分注重学生的训育管理。通过以上实践,北平市小学教育有所发展,但总体来说,仍处于一个较低的水准。     

Not in My Schoolyard: Localism and Public Opposition to Funding Schools Equally

Objective . Public opinion on education has not been extensively studied, despite the important political dimensions of conflicts over education policies. This article seeks to understand the dynamics of public opposition to equal educational opportunity in the wake of state supreme court decisions mandating school finance reform. Methods . Exploring state level polls from Connecticut and New Jersey, the article analyzes attitudes toward equal educational opportunity through logistic and ordinary-least-squares regression. Results . Situating attitudes toward school funding within the contexts of attitudes toward educational equality, taxes, and school performance, this analysis finds support for both self-interest and symbolic opposition to equalization, but it also finds that localism has a strong and independent effect on respondents' views concerning the desirability of equal funding in schools. Conclusions . Despite respondents' strong support for the principle of funding schools equally, their support is significantly eroded if they perceive that equality threatens or diminishes local control of schools.     

District Segregation,Race Legislation,and Black Enrollment in Charter Schools*

Objective. This article examines how segregation at the school level within districts and charter school legislation predict black enrollment levels at local charter schools. Methods. This study uses the Schools and Staffing Survey Charter School Data 1999–2000, Common Core of Data, and a unique data set of district test scores to estimate OLS regression models of black enrollment in charter schools on district racial segregation and race provisions in charter school legislation. Results. Findings suggest that segregated school districts, those districts where whites and blacks are more unevenly distributed among schools, have a larger percentage of blacks enrolled in local charter schools than districts where schools are integrated. In addition, charter schools in states that do not have a racial clause have a smaller percent of blacks in their charter schools. Conclusion. Findings suggest that black enrollment in charter schools is a function of district segregation and state policy.