家庭照料对城乡失能老人和照料者健康的影响

基于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据,使用递归双变量probit模型研究家庭照料对城乡失能老人及其照料者健康的影响.研究发现,家庭照料能显著改善失能老人的身体和心理健康状况,但不利于照料者的身体和心理健康.家庭照料使城镇失能老人身体健康的概率增加42.8％、 抑郁的概率降低45.6％;使农村失能老人抑郁的概率降低38.3％,但对其身体健康没有显著影响.家庭照料使农村照料者身体健康的概率降低18.8％、 抑郁的概率增加49.4％;使城镇照料者抑郁的概率增加41.7％,但对其身体健康没有显著影响.应加强长期护理保险对社会照料尤其是居家照料服务的支持,并以此减轻家庭照料者负担、 提升家庭照料效果.     

老年人抑郁症状的城乡比较研究

利用《中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查问卷》和老年抑郁量表（GDS-15）中文版作为评定工具,探讨中国城乡老年人的抑郁症状及其影响因素。结果表明：抑郁症状是老年人最常见的心理健康问题之一;老年人心理健康状况存在显著的城乡差异,农村老人的心理健康状况要差于城市老人,其根本原因在于农村老人社会结构性资源的匮乏;焦虑水平与经济状况对农村老人心理健康的影响大于城市老人,而健康状况与日常生活活动能力对于城市老人心理健康的影响大于农村老人,且农村老人抑郁症状的影响因素更为复杂。     

村域社会资本与农村老人的社区治理参与

基于对全国11个省份1137位农村老人的问卷调查,从村域社会网络、村域信任和村域规范3个维度考察了村域社会资本对农村老人社区治理参与的影响。结果表明,村域社会网络、村域信任和村域规范均显著正向影响农村老人的社区治理参与,且这一结果具有稳健性。村域社会网络、村域信任和村域规范对农村老人社区治理参与的影响存在着性别、年龄和政治身份的群体差异,特别是村域社会资本的各个维度仅显著影响了非党员群体的社区治理参与,而对党员群体的影响不显著。研究进一步发现,村域社会资本主要通过公平感提升和支持获得状况改善影响农村老人的社区治理参与。要发挥村域社会资本的作用,须打造社区参与平台及空间,为积累村域社会资本提供土壤;还须通过培育参与意识和公共精神,促进村域社会资本的积累,延续村域社会资本的生命力。     

失能老人配偶照料者心理健康及其影响因素研究

利用2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据发现,失能老人的配偶照料者心理健康水平显著低于其他家庭的老年人.回归分析证实,被照料者的失能程度作为照料活动的主要压力源,对照料者的心理健康水平有显著影响,但这种影响受到个人资源和社会支持的调节,该影响对女性、受教育程度较低、健康状况较差以及没有其他人帮助照料老伴、不与子女同住、不参与社交活动的照料者更为明显.因此,倡议关注失能老人家庭照料者的心理健康,在社区开展照料者支持服务,以期失能老人家庭照料的可持续发展.     

人际信任、制度信任与农村老人互助养老参与意愿

基于对陕西省关中和陕北地区农村老人的问卷调查数据,着重探讨了人际信任、制度信任对农村老人互助养老参与意愿的影响.研究发现,地缘信任可以显著提高农村老人互助养老的参与意愿,普遍信任则会显著降低农村老人互助养老的参与意愿,而血缘信任、业/学缘信任对农村老人互助养老参与意愿的影响不显著.与人际信任影响的多向性不同,制度信任可以显著提高农村老人互助养老的参与意愿.另外,人际信任、制度信任对农村不同老年群体互助养老参与意愿的影响也存在一定差异.     

从土地依恋到户籍依恋——天津城郊农民生活安全脆弱性与市民化意愿代际分析

通过对天津城郊农民市民化意愿及其代际差异的研究发现,城郊农民具有较高土地依恋和户籍依恋、 较低市民化意愿,其失地后存在生活安全脆弱性,且父代均显著于子代.多元logistic回归分析显示,年龄和生活安全变量对土地依恋产生显著影响;年龄和抵御风险水平变量对户籍依恋产生显著影响.以反对市民化态度为参照,集体购置保险对中立态度的选择具有显著正向影响;对支持态度的选择,代际变量具有显著负向影响,职业技能和就业状况具有显著正向影响.     

弱势群体社区参与特征、影响因素与动员策略 ——基于北京、淄博市部分社区的调查

弱势群体的社区参与对其福利水平提升具有重要意义.本文以公民权利理论及"结构—行动"视角下的社区动员理论为指导,通过问卷法和访谈法对北京、淄博市部分社区的居民社区参与情况进行考察,分析弱势群体的社区参与特征、影响因素以及动员策略.研究发现:弱势群体的社区参与具有低水平和不平衡的特征,民事权利类参与率较高但频率较低,社会权利类参与率较低且不平衡,政治权利类参与率最低且与普通居民差距最大;弱势群体的社区参与率与就业状况、年龄、居住时间等自身因素及社区认同、社区组织发展、邻里关系、社区工作者专业化、参与渠道等外部因素显著相关.对比普通居民的社区参与现状及其影响因素,弱势群体的社区参与除了常规动员策略,更需要专业社会工作方法的使用.     

中国成年人抑郁症状的社会经济梯度研究——基于“中国家庭追踪调查”2014年和2016年数据

基于"中国家庭追踪调查"(CFPS) 2014年和2016年数据,探讨中国成年人抑郁程度的分布情况及抑郁水平和社会经济地位(个人受教育程度、人均家庭年收入和人均家庭净资产)之间的关系。研究发现,在中国18岁及以上的成年人当中,抑郁的发生率较高(其中23. 4%的人有抑郁症状,4. 6%的人患有抑郁症);个人受教育年限、人均家庭收入和人均家庭净资产越高,则其抑郁水平越低;通过Wagstaff分解法分析各类因素对和收入相关的抑郁不平等的贡献发现,受教育年限、人均家庭收入和人均家庭净资产对抑郁不平等的贡献率依次为23%、22%和33%。此外,社会经济地位对抑郁水平的影响存在群体异质性:不同社会经济地位群体之间的抑郁水平差异随着年龄的增长而逐渐扩大,呈现出发散趋势;女性和农业户籍者通过教育获得的精神健康回报要高于男性和非农业户籍者。     

"孟母三迁"真的有必要吗?——社区环境对孩子学业成就的影响分析

根据中国家庭追踪调查(China Family Panel Studies) 2014年的调查数据,运用OLS回归研究分析了社区环境对孩子学业成就的影响。实证研究发现,相较于农村社区的孩子,生活在城市社区的孩子语言应用能力更强,但在数学成绩方面两者没有显著差别。社区性质显著积极地影响家长教育参与和家长教育期望,但城市社区家长教育参与的积极性和教育期望的强烈程度都远远高于农村社区的家长;邻里关系和睦的社区,不仅孩子的学业成绩优秀,而且家长教育参与和家长教育期望程度也高。家长参与和教育期望在社区环境和学业成就之间具有中介作用,但低层次和过度家长参与会对孩子学业成绩提升产生负面效应。     

基于上市公司数据的企业货币需求分析

企业货币需求是宏观货币需求的重要组成单位之一,鉴于企业微观个体存在的显著异质性,企业货币需求预测难度较大.为此,基于宏观货币需求理论,并将其与微观现金持有理论相结合,再利用2010-2019年2160家中国非金融类上市公司数据,对中国企业货币需求函数进行实际验证.研究发现:第一,中国企业货币需求规模弹性系数大约在0.63-0.70之间,呈现显著的规模经济;第二,中国企业货币需求与货币机会成本之间显著负相关,与工人工资之间显著正相关;第三,中国企业的治理水平、财务特征等微观特征变量会对企业货币需求产生显著影响;第四,中国企业货币需求存在显著的行业差异、 股权性质差异.     

A Comparison of Rural and Urban Older Adults in Iowa on Specific Markers of Successful Aging

This study examines the differences between rural and urban older adults on level of life satisfaction and depressive symptoms, focusing on the effect of social support. Data were collected through structured interviews at senior centers and senior meal sites in eastern and southeastern Iowa. The Duke Social Support Index (DSSI), the Life Satisfaction Index-Z (LSI-Z), and the Geriatric Depression Scale 15 (GDS15) were used. Correlations (Pearson's r), independent sample t-tests, and multiple regression were computed. Findings indicated that urban residents reported more depressive symptoms, as compared to rural residents. Subjective level of social support was a stronger predictor of life satisfaction and was more negatively related to depressive symptoms among rural than among urban older adults. Results suggest that social workers who work with aging people need to be aware of rural–urban differences in mental health. Furthermore, social workers need to have knowledge of older adults' social networks and work to ensure greater opportunity for social interaction.     

Parents' depressive symptoms and support from sons and daughters in Rural China

This investigation examined how initial levels of elder parents' depressive symptoms influenced financial, instrumental, and emotional support from sons and from daughters in rural China. Data derived from a two-wave (2001, 2003) longitudinal survey of 1,324 parents aged 60 and over living in rural areas of Anhui Province, China. Structural Equation Modeling with latent difference score was used to estimate the reciprocal relatioships between children's support and elder parents' depressive symptoms. Results showed that older parents who had higher levels of depressive symptoms at baseline experienced reduced financial, instrumental, and emotional support from sons, but not from daughters. In rural China where the patrilineal family system has distinguished sons and daughters with respect to their functions in elder parents' support networks, the roles of sons and daughters warrant further examination, particularly when elder parents have some depressive symptoms, which elevates the needs of the parents and puts a strain on intergenerational relationships.     

Risk and Protective Factors for Depressive Symptoms Among Indigenous Older Adults: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Social Support

Research on depression and intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by Indigenous older adults is virtually nonexistent. Given the associations between IPV and depression and their disproportionately high rates among Indigenous peoples in a context of historical oppression, the purpose of this inquiry is to examine how IPV and social support are associated with depressive symptoms for Indigenous older adults. We expand the knowledge base on IPV in later life, which primarily focuses on female samples, by including older men. We predicted: (a) IPV will be positively associated with depressive symptoms and (b) levels of social support will be negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses of data from a sample of Indigenous older adults (N = 233) in the Upper Midwest indicated that physical aggression (but not psychological aggression, sexual coercion, injury, or negotiation) was positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas social support was negatively associated with depressive symptoms.     

Anticipated Engagement in a Village Organization for Aging in Place

Although older adults prefer maintaining residence independently in the community as they grow older it is not always possible due to impairments, isolation, and changing health needs. Villages, an emerging consumer-directed care model providing social engagement and services, support aging in place. To be viable organizations villages must attract and enroll sufficient numbers of members. This study examined factors associated with older adults anticipated engagement as a village member. Using a cross-sectional survey design community residing older adults (N?=?193) identified predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with anticipated engagement. Participants rated anticipated engagement between “Slightly Unlikely” and “Likely” (Mean?=?2.71, SD?=?1.31). A model including predisposing and enabling factors produced the best overall fit [?2 Log likelihood?=?246.514, χ2(8)?=?20.414, p.?=?.008] correctly classifying 61.1% of cases and explaining 13.4% of the variance according to the Nagelkerke R² statistic. Older adults who engage in preventative health behaviors may be predisposed to joining a village as well as those who are already engaging in supportive acts of neighboring. Villages might consider these factors in designing outreach and service programing. Future research should identify how factors such as income and personal health practices contribute to interest in village membership.     

村庄民主、村干部角色及其行为模式

对于中国乡村精英角色及其行为模式的讨论,一直是社会学的一个非常重要的课题。尤其是在民主制度引入农村地区后,村干部的角色定位是否有所变化？在日常的治理过程中,其行为模式与角色定位是如何实现的？对于这一问题的回答,不仅需要以深入的个案调查为基础,而且也离不开严谨的实证分析。本文试图以6省的数据,来定量化地考察村庄民主对于村干部行为模式与角色定位的影响。实证模型结果显示,村庄民主的实行,可以促使村干部在日常治理过程中减少对于国家任务的关注,而增加对于社区事务的关注,从而使其角色定位更倾向于社区利益代言人。     

Creating elder-friendly communities: preparations for an aging society

Because many communities where older people live were not designed for their needs, older residents may require support to remain in the least restrictive environment. "Age-prepared communities" utilize community planning and advocacy to foster aging in place. "Elder-friendly communities" are places that actively involve, value, and support older adults, both active and frail, with infrastructure and services that effectively accommodate their changing needs. This paper presents an analysis of the literature and results of a Delphi study identifying the most important characteristics of an elder-friendly community: accessible and affordable transportation, housing, health care, safety, and community involvement opportunities. We also highlight innovative programs and identify how social workers can be instrumental in developing elder-friendly communities.     

Enhancing Social Support for Migrant Families: A Case Study of Community Services in a Shanghai Urban Village and Implications for Intervention

Recent years have witnessed the growing emphasis of the Chinese central government to develop community services as a method of building communities and strengthening social solidarity. With the increased involvement of multi‐generation households in China's internal rural‐to‐urban migration, however, little is known about what community services are available for migrant families. Nor do we know much about how such services can enhance social support for migrants, which is crucial for their psychological well‐being in managing the ongoing challenges that arise from migration and further integration into cities. This article presents a case study conducted in Shanghai where social services are emerging in a few urban villages. We begin with a brief background on China's rural‐to‐urban migration and the emergence of urban villages, followed by a discussion of community services and social support for Chinese migrant families. We then document existing services in an urban village to explore how they can influence migrant families' social support. Drawing on the perspective of service providers, we highlight the effects social work interventions can have on improving social support for migrant families. Finally, we propose an intervention framework based on multi‐dimensions of social support, emphasizing an integration of formal and informal social support through community services for migrant populations.     

Parental status and psychological distress among older Thais

This study examines whether childless older Thais are more vulnerable to psychological distress relative to older adults with children. Drawing from the 2011 Survey of Older Persons in Thailand (n = 37,936), zero‐inflated negative binomial regression methods examine psychological distress of childless older adults relative to coresident and noncoresident parents. Analyses further explore how gender and marital status moderate this relationship. Results show that 40% of older Thais did not experience any symptoms of psychological distress in the past month. Compared to coresident parents, noncoresident parents showed a higher likelihood of experiencing psychological distress but being childless was associated with increased symptoms of psychological distress. While the relationship between parental status and psychological distress did not significantly differ by gender, marital status presents a significant moderating effect. Specifically, widowed childless older adults and widowed noncoresident parents experienced more symptoms of psychological distress relative to their married counterparts. In collectivistic societies, where the family unit is highly valued, and institutional support is weak, being childless and unmarried may negatively affect one's psychological well‐being in later life. Children and marriage are protective for older Thais’ psychological well‐being. The implications for social welfare policies are discussed.     

Correlates of Depressive Symptoms among Homebound and Semi-Homebound Older Adults

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to provide a national profile of homebound and semi-homebound older adults with depressive symptoms and to compare risk factors of depressive symptoms by homebound status. A sample of 1,885 homebound and semi-homebound older adults was selected from Round 1 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 43.9% in homebound older adults and 28.1% in semi-homebound older adults, representing over 830,000 and 1.4 million individuals in the population, respectively. Nearly two-thirds of homebound and over half of semi-homebound older adults with clinically significant depressive symptoms also had significant anxiety symptoms. Results from logistic regression showed that younger age, certain medical morbidities, severity of functional limitations, and pain were common risk factors for depressive symptoms among homebound and semi-homebound older adults. Some differences in the risk factor profile emerged between the homebound and the semi-homebound populations. Alleviating the burden of depression in the semi-homebound population may focus on early prevention that considers the diversity of this population. Home-based, integrated programs of health and mental health services that simultaneously address the medical, psychiatric, and neurologic comorbidities and disabilities of homebound older adults are needed to meet the complex needs of this population.