雕刻时光——钟表制造漫谈

正世界上第一座以嘀嗒嘀嗒的机械擒纵机构为标记的时钟,相传是出现在中国的宋代,由苏颂组织创制的水运仪象台,于13世纪传入欧洲。古老的塔钟,十五分钟一响,对比中国古时的时辰制计时,成了一种田园牧歌式的写意化表达。今天,手执一只机械名表,我们津津乐道于它的品牌形象、陀飞轮技术,三问报时功能,还有月相、深水抗压,或者是嵌珠     

行将逝去的美丽——南京仿古牙雕

中国牙雕有着悠久的历史,早在石器石代,我们的先民就运用兽骨制作成狩猎、祭祀用的工具——余姚河姆渡新石器时代遗址上,考古工作者就发现过牙雕原始工艺品.甚至在商代出现了专门负责象牙雕的专业奴隶……千百年来,雍荣华贵的象牙雕刻工艺品,一直是帝王贵戚争相收藏的对象,牙雕艺术慢慢成为一种文化.但是,随着1990年国际贸易公约《全面禁止非洲象牙及其制品国际贸易修正案》正式生效后,牙雕艺术受到了很大影响,这一承载着独特文化的工艺品,已慢慢将成为绝版的艺术.今天,就让我们来看看牙雕艺术中的翘楚之一——南京仿古牙雕.     

Imperial Japan at its Zenith

Teil A. Herausgegeben von Martin Broszat and Elke Fröhlich, Bayern in der NS‐Zeit II. Herrschaft und Gesellschaft im Konflikt (1979), xxv+515 (Oldenbourg, München, DM 38). (Bavaria in the Time of National Socialism. Power and Society in conflict).

Bernd Burkhardt, Eine Stadt wird braun. Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung in der Provinz. Eine Fallstudie. Mit einem Geleitwort von Heinrich August Winkler (1980), 160 (Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg). (A City Turns Brown. The National Socialist Seizure of Power in the Province. A Case Study.)     

钟立维 雕凿见风骨 錾刻有乾坤

正叮叮咚咚,叮叮咚咚……早上8点半,钟立维刻瓷工作室里传出了阵阵刻凿敲击的声音,笔者循声而来,工作室不大,里外两间,外间挂了一些书画,里间中央摆放着一个大工作台,两边墙上挂的都是刻瓷作品,墙边的展台上陈列的则是比较大幅的作品,旁边配有放大镜。听到声音,正在伏案忙碌的老者忙起身相迎,他就是钟氏刻瓷技艺传承人钟立维。虽已年近六旬,但钟立维头发乌黑、语速较快,看起来精力充沛,说起自己的刻瓷生涯,更是如数家珍,十分健谈。     

Complementarity of behavioral biases

I investigate the complementarity of behavioral biases in a simple investment problem. The agent has incomplete knowledge about the correlation between fitness and the decision environment. Nature endows the agent with a decision procedure so that the induced action can reflect this correlation. I show that the agent with this decision procedure always exhibits (i) present biased time preference, (ii) distorted beliefs, and (iii) cognitive dissonance. The three biases are complements and the absence of one of them destroys the value of the other two. The decision procedure also provides insights into the non-fungibility of savings.     

俏形艺术 玛瑙雕的古树新芽

"阜新玛瑙雕"历经数千年岁月,有着不可忽视的"保护"与"承传"的价值.作为文化遗产,它不仅给后人留下了无数奇珍异宝和一个个佳话美谈,也在感悟、创新中将这份手艺世代相传,成为阜新城市独特魅力的重要组成部分,给玛瑙之都以与众不同的鲜活色彩.     

Ethics in behavioral genetics research

As research in behavioral genetics uncovers the genetic contribution to human behavior, it will undoubtedly further our understanding of normal human variation in many behavioral traits, such as personality, intelligence, and sexuality. This research also shows great potential for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses. Recent findings underscore this potential and document the increasing validity of research methods--methods that in the past have led to mistaken inferences about genes "for" violent behavior and homosexuality. Although all research with human subjects requires adequate attention to its ethical aspects, certain ethical issues involved with behavioral genetics are particularly acute and deserve careful attention. This article reviews these selected major ethical issues arising in (1) the conduct of behavioral genetics research; and (2) the application of its research findings. While some of the ethical concerns in the latter category are likely to be of substantial importance and animate considerable popular concern, they currently fall outside the realm of traditional research review. Determining how to deal with these concerns should be a focus of future scholarly work.     

Exploring the nature of same-sex relationships

This study explored the relationship structure and experiences of 145 people in the United States, aged 50 and above, in long-term, same-sex relationships. A survey assessed relationship satisfaction and roles, caregiving, shared assets, and relationship protection and support. The ENRICH couple scales revealed high scores in communication, conflict resolution, and couple satisfaction. Most participants had taken steps to protect shared assets and assign legal authority to their partners. Participants expressed differing views regarding marriage. This study reveals distinctions based on gender and age that will inform practice with this population.     

龚自珍的德教方法及其现代价值

龚自珍是清代著名的启蒙思想家,他对于道德教育非常重视。在长期的德教实践中,他提出了“各因其性情之近”的因材施教、“语而不论,论而不辨”的身教示范、“人外无诗,诗外无人”的情感教育、“心无力者,谓之庸人”的意志锻炼法和“以教之耻为先”的自我教育等德教方法。透过这些方法,我们可以窥见龚自珍对我国传统德教所做出的重要理论贡献。这些理论贡献,对我国近代的道德教育曾产生过重要影响,即使在当代,仍具有重要的借鉴价值,值得我们认真研习、汲取。     

The nature and quality of engineering research

Engineering is the application oí science to design and development of products intended for useful social purposes. Engineering research consists of a wide variety of activities ranging from study of material properties for possible future application to the testing necessary to establish design parameters or to verify the adequacy of new design concepts. Professors of engineering are generally expected to conduct research, preferably in the “engineering sciences”; (e.g. thermodynamics, metallurgy), to publish their results, and find their own sources of funding. Many private corporations maintain departments of research and development, the findings of which are often proprietary and not subject to peer review. Managers of engineering research projects attempt to assure the quality of their results by “instrumental”; or “organizational”; methods. Instrumental methods assure accuracy in data collection and processing, while organization methods maintain a work environment conducive to creativity and integrity among researchers. Organizational conditions can affect research quality adversely, by giving rise to ethical problems associated with conflicts between corporate interests and those of individuals.     

A Retrospective of Historiography in China at the Turn of the Century and a Look at its Future

Historiography in China has been fruitful after an uneven course ofdevelopment over the past century. There are numerous great historiansof the century, including Zhang Taiyan, Liang Qichao, Wang Guowei,Chen Yuan, Chen Yinque, Hu Shi, Gu Jiegang and Qian Mu from thefirst half of the century, and Li Dazhao, Guo Moruo, Fan Wenlan, JianBozan, La Zhenyu and Hou Wailu. Historiography accomplished atransformation from the traditional to the modern in the first half of the20th century with…     

Quantity competition, endogenous motives and behavioral heterogeneity

The article shows that strategic quantity competition can be characterized by behavioral heterogeneity, once competing firms are allowed in a pre-market stage to optimally choose the behavioral rule they will follow in their strategic choice of quantities. In particular, partitions of the population of identical firms in which some of them are profit maximizers while others follow an alternative criterion, turn out to be deviation-proof equilibria both in simultaneous and sequential game structures. Our findings that in a strategic framework heterogeneous behavioral rules may be consistent with individual incentives is a first attempt to provide a game-theoretic microfoundation of heterogeneity.     

经营管理工作性质的制度分析

:企业经营管理工作的性质是现代经济理论和管理理论的核心范畴。经营管理工作性质及其运作的机制客观上将表现为经营管理工作的职责、管理行为、管理制度 ,以产权制度为核心的企业制度等相对稳定的制度因素。对经营管理工作性质研究的突破点在于实现从传统的非契约分析方式向制度分析和契约分析的方向演进     

《庄子·让王》篇性质探论

《庄子·让王》篇并非如前人所说的那样是伪作 ,也非抄袭《吕氏春秋》而成 ,而是表明庄子后学思想发展轨迹的重要篇章。《让王》篇杂纂例证 ,宣扬禅让思想 ,这表明其撰著时代应当在公元前 318年燕国发生因禅让而引起的内乱动荡之前。其撰著时间应当与郭店楚简《唐虞之道》篇相近     

Implications of behavioral consistency in dynamic choice under uncertainty

This paper considers two fundamental aspects of the analysis of dynamic choices under risk: the issue of the dynamic consistency of the strategies of a non EU maximizer, and the issue that an individual whose preferences are nonlinear in probabilities may choose a strategy which is in some appropriate sense dominated by other strategies. A proposed way of dealing with these problems, due to Karni and Safra and called behavioral consistency, is described. The implications of this notion of behavioral consistency are explored, and it is shown that while the Karni and Safra approach obtains dynamically consistent behavior under nonlinear preferences, it may imply the choice of dominated strategies even in very simple decision trees.     

Economic burden of tuberculosis and its coping mechanism at the household level in Pakistan

Despite the availability of free medicines under the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy, the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) still involves high costs that push people into poverty. This study aims to assess the resulting economic burden of TB and examine the coping mechanisms practiced at the household level in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted at TB centers by interviewing 269 patients. Statistical tests and binary logistic regression were used to explore the relationship between catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) and socio-economic factors. Results show that the incidence and intensity of CHE were higher for households in the lower income-quintile. Several coping strategies were practiced and varied among the different income-quintiles. The independent determinants of CHE were as follows: age >40 years, male-patient, location, earner-ratio, patient as the earner, caretaker visits, treatment delay, and co-morbidity. It is recommended that health policymakers develop post-MDGs TB-control strategies to ensure free TB-services with financial protection around the globe.