信用赋能社会治理创新的逻辑、需求与路径

社会信用体系建设是我国经济社会高质量发展背景下市场监管和社会治理创新的重要举措,它包括信用优化公共资源配置、信用创新政府监管机制、信用维护市场经济秩序等维度,是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要保障。我国新发展阶段推动信用赋能社会治理创新要把握政府构建新发展格局、打造共建共治共享治理新模式、深化“放管服”改革的现实需要,通过打造信用数智底座、提升信用监管效能、强化区域信用协同、完善信用豁免机制等创新举措来夯实社会治理基础、推动政务服务升级、打造多元共治格局、强化主体权益保护。     

建立健全社会信用体系关键在建设诚信政府

在建立健全社会信用体系的过程中,政府诚信建设具有重要意义,因此必须采取措施抓好政府诚信建设这个关键。政府诚信建设的主要任务是加强政策诚信、法制诚信、行政诚信、经济行为诚信和公务员诚信建设,从而发挥政府诚信在社会信用体系建设中的先导和表率作用。     

社会信用体系建构问题初探

市场经济就是信用经济,市场经济迫切需要建立完善的社会信用体系。当前,我国社会信用基础比较薄弱,社会信用体系发育程度低,普遍的信用失衡现象突出。造成这一现象的原因是多方面的。为此,必须加强社会信用管理制度和法律制度的建设,进一步规范政府行为,加强社会诚信教育,培育社会信用观念和意识,营建社会信用环境,建构完善的社会信用体系。     

论公共危机对政府信用建设的影响

近年来,日益频繁爆发的公共危机对政府能否有效履行其公共责任提出了新的挑战,也成为影响政府信用的一个重要因素.一方面,公共危机造成的大量资源损失会破坏政府信用的物质基础;危机治理的不足也将降低公众对政府政治合法性的信仰以及对政府政策制度的公正性、合理性的认可程度,削弱政府信用的意识形态基础;危机处理中信息公开的缺陷还会降低政府信用的资信基础.另一方面,公共危机也会为政府制度向更加科学合理的方向完善提供外部动力,促进政府制度信用的提高;并推动政府从全能型向有限性、从权力型向责任型转变,改进政府的组织信用;还能激发行政人的伦理自觉和责任意识,增强行政人信用.     

政府信用建设的伦理路径探析

诚信、公正和责任是政府信用的伦理要素,关涉着政府信用的高低。而目前我国政府在制度、组织和行政人方面存在的某些失范现象,却损害了诚信、公正和责任的政府形象,使政府信用陷入伦理困境。社会转型是这种困境出现的根本原因,而制度的合理性、组织的公共性不足以及行政人的道德异化则是导致这种困境的具体原因。对此,从制度伦理、组织伦理和行政人道德三个维度可以实现对政府信用的宏观、中观和微观的伦理建构。     

论中国信用经济的缺失与重建

现代市场经济是信用经济。诚实守信,是市场经济的内在要求。然而我国目前市场经济领域的信用缺失现象比较严重,阻碍中国信用经济发展主要有传统信用文化、政府干预、司法制度、社会心态、信用服务等各种因素。为建立和完善规范、富有活力、符合社会主义市场经济要求的信用制度和信用关系,形成良好的经济秩序特别是市场秩序,必须要发展和普及信用文化、强化制度建设、严格信用监管、建立健全国民信用体系、完善信用担保等。     

中西部地区民营企业信用建设的因素分析与措施选择

市场经济体制、特殊的市场环境、面临的现实困难、诚信道德回归和社会信用体系建设决定了中西部地区民营企业发展需要信用。那么 ,中西部地区民营企业如何进行信用建设呢 ?这需要政府加强信用道德建设和信用法制建设 ,加强信用市场需求开发与信用中介服务管理和加强企业信用建设与政府信用、个人信用建设 ,民营企业培育信用意识、健全信用制度、强化信用管理、发挥信用功能和提升信用形象 ,以及社会发挥信用监督和信用认同的重要作用。     

转型时期中国社会信用缺失的政治经济学分析

信用是市场经济的基础和命脉。从本质上讲,信用是外在强制内化为社会主体自觉的心理取向,是社会主体自我约束的行为准则和基本规范。它既反映了交易主体追求预定目标的道德诚意,也体现了交易主体履行承诺的能力。转型时期,中国之所以会出现社会信用体系的全面危机,除了社会制度变迁过于剧烈的原因以外,还有三个不容忽视的重要因素:一是制度短缺条件下的信用机制转型所造成的真空与漏洞;二是激励结构的缺陷所造成的逆向激励;三是信用监控机制的弱化加剧了信息的不对称。建设信用社会的前提是建立起信用的政府、良性的产权制度以及法治的社会等宏观的基础性条件。     

社会信用失范的原因与对策

信用问题是建立和完善市场经济体系进程中的一个根本性问题。社会信用失范的主要原因在于信用内部性和外部性的诱导、信用法律法规不健全、教育的偏废和误导、政府的失信与角色错位。建立健全的信用激励与惩罚机制、制定和完善信用法律法规、普及信用教育以及规范政府角色和行为,是解决社会信用失范问题的基本途径。     

我国地方政府信用档案建设研究

政府信用是当前社会生活和学术研究中的热门议题.政府信用档案是一个庞大而复杂的系统工程,是监督政府、评价政府、治理政府失信和激励政府守信的物质基础.在信息化环境下,地方政府信用档案是可以独立于传统档案而存在的数字化档案体系.系统论的分析表明政府信用档案是由开发应用子系统、信息技术子系统和管理保障子系统组成.档案开发应用子系统是一个目标应用体系,由档案馆藏、监督管理、信誉评价和科学研究等元素构成,信息技术子系统是一个信息处理体系,由数据归集、数据交换、数据比对和数据储存等元素构成;管理保障子系统是一个运行保障体系,由法律保障、组织保障、制度保障、标准保障、资金保障、人才保障等元素构成.     

Trust,Capitalism and Contract in English Economic History: 1500-1750

As most market transactions involved the extension of informal credit because of a lack of ready cash, this meant that interpersonal trust was of central importance, and, as a result, a reputation for honesty and fair dealing in the community was vital to being successful. Money was used only in a limited number of exchanges, and credit, in the form of household reputation, was a “cultural currency” of trust used to transact most business. Trust, belief, and credit all went together, and no distinction was made between economic and social credit, as credit produced wealth and status of the middling sort. As the market expanded in the late sixteenth century, networks of credit became more intertwined over longer geographical distances, and thus trust became more problematic, and disputes over debts led to contention. These produced an enormous amount of litigation as the common law was increasingly used to enforce contracts. This led to much downward mobility through over-indebtedness, which reinforced the social importance of having good credit, and consequently the culture of credit became increasingly legalised. Although competition for credit together with the need to maintain household profitability put stress on the social maintenance of trust in the market, the economy could not work without it. As a result, the increase in commerce was seen as an essentially sociable activity because it required trust. Trust gradually came to be interpreted as the basis of justice, and the necessity of keeping promises, as the foundation of all social organisation. But by 1750 litigation had collapsed to a very low level, and self- control and politeness on the part of rational individuals came to play a more important role in dispute settlement than legal means. Whereas in the early modern period conflict occurred and was dealt with after its occurrence, self-control aimed to prevent inter-personal conflict and litigation before they happened. As a result, the concepts of “capital” and “savings” developed in the eighteenth century, and the structure of credit networks was changed.     

我国行政成本过高的原因及对策初探

近年来,政府行政支出过大,行政成本过高的问题日益明显。庞大的行政成本不仅加重了政府的财政负担,而且损害了政府形象。如今,和谐社会的建立要求政府做到向节约型政府转变,这其中降低行政成本就成了关键。     

A Sociological Analysis of the “Strong Central,Weak Local” Pattern of Trust in Government: Based on Three Stage Tracking Data after the Wenchuan Earthquake*

Individual and community social capital have had a significant impact on the gap between trust in higher-level governments and trust in local governments. A model including data from thirty villages gathered after the Wenchuan earthquake discovered that “the size of the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) greeting network,” “the size of the official network at/ above township level,” and “trust in fellow villagers” all had a considerable negative effect on the gap between trust in higher-level and local governments. Building individual and community social capital is conducive to establishing a balance between trust in different layers of government; individuals and communities who cooperate with each other have more channels for solving their economic and livelihood issues. Social capital can lead to a significant improvement in the effectiveness of resource matching and utilization involving governments and other sectors of society as well as increasing interaction with government. This can enhance trust in local governments and narrow the gap between trust in higher-level and local governments.     

Social Policy Diffusion from the Perspective of Intergovernmental Relations: An Empirical Study of the Urban Subsistence Allowance System in China (1993-1999)

Universal access to China’s social welfare system involves a process of diffusion from localities to the whole country on the basis of social policy innovations in which intergovernmental relations play a key role as a facilitator. The rapid establishment of the urban subsistence allowance system in more than 200 cities throughout the country in seven years (1993-1999) serves as a case for our empirical analysis of the diffusion mechanism of social policy innovations at different levels of government. Our findings show, firstly, that in adopting a new social policy, city governments have to respond to the social desire of local citizens while keeping fiscal constraints in mind; at the same time, they are affected by administrative orders from higher-level governments and the vertical fiscal relations between governments at different levels, and are also subject to competitive pressures from other cities at the same level. Secondly, city governments’ policy innovations offer an opportunity for higher levels of government to learn from their experience. Thirdly, central government orders exert both a direct and indirect influence upon city governments, with provincial orders acting as intermediaries. And lastly, there is a clear difference in the time lag effect of orders from the central government and those at provincial level upon city governments’ policy adoption.     

论信任对社会可持续发展的影响

社会信任与社会可持续发展紧密相关,社会信任度对社会可持续发展影响深远。社会转型期出现的信任危机,致使社会赖以存在的结构要素如人的要素、物的要素及关系要素遭到破坏。为此,应加强伦理道德建设、法律制度建设和社会保障制度建设,加强社会信任教育、社会舆论监督和宣传作用,以增强社会信任,从而有力地推动社会的可持续发展。     

发达国家诚信体系建设经验分析及借鉴

发达国家的诚信体系建设以美国式和欧洲式为代表。美国诚信社会体系建设大致可以概括为三个方面:法律体系、监管和执法部门、信用服务机构;欧洲大陆国家诚信社会体系建设包括法律系统、公共信用信息系统和私营信用服务系统三大部分。学习借鉴发达国家的成功经验,建立健全我国的诚信社会体系,要加快信用立法工作,尤其是要尽快建立并完善失信惩罚机制,明确失信的法律边界,加大失信成本;鉴于我国信用行业发展时间比较短的现实,应进一步发挥政府对信用行业的监督和管理职能;规范我国的信用中介机构,使之能够客观、公正、独立地运营,成为健全的信用体系的组织保障。     

利益威胁、政府工作满意度与市民对进城农民的接纳意愿——基于CSS2011数据的实证分析

本文讨论了当代中国城市本地人排斥进城农民这一问题的发生机制。通过剖析经典利益威胁假说，依托冲突理论以及中国的现实情境，本研究考察了市民与政府关系的演化及其对排斥进城农民的影响。通过对“2011年中国社会状况综合调查”数据的分析，本研究获得以下发现：（1）本地市民对进城农民的排斥部分源于其当前生活境遇的恶化，但更主要的原因是过去的利益受损经历以及对未来社会地位变化的悲观预期；（2）本地市民对政府供给公共服务的不满，会降低其对进城农民的接纳意愿；（3）在本地市民中，遭受利益损失的“失意者”对进城农民的排斥态度显著受到其对政府行政能力不满以及政府解决社会不平等问题低效的影响。本研究证实了市民对进城农民的排斥意愿中存在“替罪羊”机制。     

转型期地方政府信用资源流失的制度分析

信用资源不断流失、信用能力不断下降是转型期地方政府面临的一个严峻挑战。它极大地损害了政府的权威 ,提高了政府运作成本 ,并使政府的政治合法性基础受到侵蚀。从公共管理的制度层分析政府信用资源流失的主要根源 ,并探讨如何通过优化公共管理的政治制度架构 ,改革公共政策制订实施的相关制度 ,建立政府信用责任机制和制约机制 ,不失为一种提升地方政府信用能力的对策思路。     

It is not just scale that matters: Political trust in Utah

While the traditional assumption is residents have more confidence in governments that are closest to them, empirical studies supporting this claim remain limited. In this study, we test the claim that ‘small is beautiful’ by comparing citizen reactions to similar types of decisions affecting Utah residents made by political leaders at different levels of governance. Our primary goal is to test the claim that trust is higher for local governments. Our secondary goal is to examine potential determinants of trust and whether they vary across levels of governance. The central finding from this study is that, despite claims to the contrary, citizens are not necessarily more trusting of government closer to the people and higher levels of government can engender as much trust as more local levels of government. Our findings also emphasize that regardless of the level of governance considered, interrelations exist between residents’ views of procedural justice and trust in these officials.     

北京市信用活动分析与建议

信用问题已引起全社会的关注。搞好信用体系建设、改善信用环境已成为社会各界的共识。本文以研究信用活动的规律与特点为路径 ,对比分析了北京市与其它五省市的信用活动情况 ,以此为基础 ,提出了建设信用北京的系列建议