欧佩克发展历程与新世纪挑战

欧佩克的形成与二战后中东阿拉伯民族主义运动的振兴直接相关.近半个世纪来,欧佩克的发展道路上既有团结斗争成功的辉煌,又有值得总结反思的挫折.进入新世纪后,欧佩克面临一系列深刻而复杂的时代新挑战,促使欧佩克进行相关战略调整,以维护成员国共同的经济利益及其在国际能源体系中的重要地位.     

沙特阿拉伯的欧佩克政策：基于理性选择制度主义的阐释

沙特阿拉伯是欧佩克的主导国家,其相关政策对欧佩克的发展方向具有重大影响。本文基于理性选择制度主义视角考察2008年全球金融危机以来国际政治经济形势对沙特欧佩克政策调整的影响,认为沙特主动改变欧佩克权力格局、推动建立“欧佩克+”的根本动力来自确保本国原油收入最大化的诉求。2008年金融危机后,全球能源经济格局和世界主要产油国之间的关系都发生了较大变化,欧佩克已经无法全面维护沙特和其他欧佩克成员国的原油出口利益,外生条件变化促使沙特调整国内石油政策,弥合欧佩克内部分歧,加强与俄罗斯等非欧佩克产油国的政策协调,推动建立“欧佩克+”机制,并多次达成减产协议,实现了“减产保价”的目标,以此减轻外生条件变化对原油出口利益的影响。未来,无论是正在加速转型的全球能源格局,还是“欧佩克+”成员国间并不牢固的合作关系,都使“欧佩克+”的前景面临诸多不确定性。随着外部条件的持续变化,沙特或进一步调整其欧佩克政策。     

2007国际油价走势

主要影响因素之欧佩克欧佩克各成员国在是否进一步削减原油产量的问题上分歧严重。一些成员国认为需要再次减产以支持油价,但欧佩克最重要的原油生产国沙特阿拉伯却表示暂时不考虑再次减产,此举令欧佩克的减产政策胎死腹中。     

要闻快递

国际新闻非洲六国拟成立“钻石欧佩克”关于建立“天然气欧佩克”的纷争尚未平息,近日南非、博茨瓦纳等6个非洲钻石生产国提出要成立“钻石欧佩克”,即组建一个类似“石油输出国组     

“欧佩克+”机制与俄罗斯、沙特、美国的能源博弈

学界普遍认为,"欧佩克+"机制是美国"页岩革命"后俄罗斯和沙特避免长期低油价、提升对石油市场控制力的应对措施。本文认为,美国重新以主要石油生产国的身份回归国际能源舞台,以及由此对其能源权力带来的"倍增效应",才是促使"欧佩克+"机制建立的主要因素。俄罗斯和沙特通过该机制重拾了对石油市场的控制,并为双方进一步合作奠定了基础,从而改善了地缘政治环境。作为回应,美国则在提升自身石油生产能力的同时,尽可能通过政治手段对"欧佩克+"进行分化。俄罗斯退出"欧佩克+"机制与新一轮石油价格战的爆发表明,随着主要产油国数量的上升,能源博弈中的互动与冲突也在不断增加。在新的三极石油供应体系中,沙特拥有更大的战略选择空间,其战略选择也将成为左右国际能源格局的关键因素。     

简述海湾6国与日本的经贸关系

海湾6国拥有丰富的油气资料,其中沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋、科威特是名列世界前5位的储油大国.长期以来,海湾6国一直是世界原油的重要供应地.最新的勘探资料表明,世界各国的石油储量大都在缩小,而海湾地区被探明的储量越来越多,目前约占世界总储量的60%(包括伊拉克和伊朗),总产量的40%.1997年11月29日,欧佩克决定从1998年1月起将其生产限额由2503.3万桶/日提高到2750万桶/日,同国际市场的需求和各成员国的实际产量(1997年10月已达2797万桶/日)基本持平,以维护欧佩克在世界石油市场的份额.欧佩克作出这一决定,是根据其情报部门的预测,认为至2000年世界原油需求约为7230万桶/日,欧佩克的供应能力估计为     

经济全球化与中东国家石油战略调整（二）

3.部分国家的石油战略调整中东国家根据本国石油天然气资源拥有条件,以及石油工业和石油经济的发展程度,制定了不同的石油发展战略,并随着经济全球化趋势的进一步加强,有所侧重地进行了适当的调整和完善。这里以沙特阿拉伯、伊朗和埃及3个具有一定代表性的国家为例,分析一下它们的石油战略。沙特是海湾产油国和欧佩克成员国,伊朗处于长期战争动乱和受到美国经济制裁,埃及是非欧佩克国家,又是北非国家。     

经济全球化与中东国家石油战略调整(二)

3.部分国家的石油战略调整 中东国家根据本国石油天然气资源拥有条件,以及石油工业和石油经济的发展程度,制定了不同的石油发展战略,并随着经济全球化趋势的进一步加强,有所侧重地进行了适当的调整和完善.这里以沙特阿拉伯、伊朗和埃及3个具有一定代表性的国家为例,分析一下它们的石油战略.沙特是海湾产油国和欧佩克成员国,伊朗处于长期战争动乱和受到美国经济制裁,埃及是非欧佩克国家,又是北非国家.     

美国页岩油挑战欧佩克

虽然迟了，但石油输出国组织（欧佩克）终于承认美国的页岩油革命威胁到其在全球原油市场的主宰地位，而两年前它声称这种威胁“微不足道”。     

天然气欧佩克何时横空出世?

从伊朗最高精神领袖哈梅内伊首次在国际范围内提出建立天然气合作组织的设想,到俄罗斯总统普京称是一个“有意思的想法”,再到阿尔及利亚总统布特弗利卡明确表态支持尽快建立天然气输出国组织,“天然气欧佩克”(ONGEC)在近一阶段被全球舆论炒得沸沸扬扬。然而,4月10日在多哈落幕的天然气输出国论坛会议(以下简称“多哈论坛”)却并没有像媒体先前所预测的那样迎来天然气欧佩克的诞生,这一跨国新能源组织的未来命运由此再次变得扑朔迷离。     

Politique et expertise scientifique. La régulation européenne des médicaments

A study of the EU system for regulating medicinal products is used to show the usefulness of distinguishing between policy-making and scientific expertise when analyzing political decision-making. This approach presupposes identifying the characteristics of scientific expertise. The experts responsible for assessing drugs have to combine knowledge and action. Questions are raised about how work is shared between decision-makers and experts. In the case of medicinal products, the work of experts has absorbed decision-making. Lest we waver between explanations in terms either of science or else of politics, it is necessary to substantively identify expertise’s political dimensions. Two conceptions — the “healthy man’s” and the “sick man’s” — of the purpose of assessing medicinal products stand out in debates; but political authorities pay no heed to them.     

The electronic face of government in the internet age: borrowing from Murray Edelman

The issue of legitimation by political elites has been a central concern of political scientists for many years. This article draws upon the work of Murray Edelman who was instrumental in analysing this relationship between rulers and ruled, the relatively powerful and relatively powerless, through an understanding of language, symbolism and the manipulation of information. It concludes with the contention that the Internet offers the prospect for governments to create new 'electronic faces', which act to support a symbolic architecture of power.     

WHAT IS THE MULTITUDE?

Nicholas Brown and Imre Szeman continue their conversation with Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. (See ‘The Global Coliseum: On Empire’ in Cultural Studies, 16.2, (March 2002), p. 177–192). In this new interview they press the authors of Empire and Multitude on questions that have arisen both out of their own involvement with the theoretical issues generated by Empire and from new areas opened up by Multitude. Why is the multitude not a class? How can the unity of a political project be maintained in the multiplicity of the multitude? Is democracy still a project for the future? Can a political subject constitute itself outside the structure of sovereignty? In other words, what is the multitude?     

DEFINING MOMENTS: THE TENSION BETWEEN RICHNESS AND REACH

The defining moments of traditional spatially based higher education are made up of fixed and fluid experiences. These 'moments' are now creaking as funding per student falls and the romanticized ideal of an education detached from 'real' life falters under the weight of highly variable student experiences. Distance learning in all its guises has always been regarded as inferior by those embedded in the traditional system. However more and more students demand something different from costly campus-based education. It is time for a more open discussion about the tensions between richness and reach and the role that new facilities like the Internet could play in reaching more students without wallowing in the nostalgia that often accompanies such debates.     

A Stylistic Analysis of Hemingway’s A Clean,Well-Lighted Place

One important theme of Hemingway＇s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is the nothingness of life itself, At the beginning of this short story, Hemingway presents a setting--the cafe, which is familiar to us, and then moves our attention to focus on the characters within that setting, The story is told through the dialogues between the two waiters and is in third-person narration, In the following paragraphs we will focus on stylistic characteristics of this short story,     

Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to Jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy

Field research on ‘young Moroccan Jihadists in Syria and Iraq from northern Morocco’ unexpectedly revealed the mundane factors behind their recruitment represented in the self-realization and the search for heroism, adventure and money, were the main reasons for the recruitment of young people in northern Morocco terrorist organizations, especially the Daesh. The religious factor is secondary. To combat terrorism and extremism which is spreading in the MENA region requires political will. Appropriate laws should be enacted as soon as possible and policies must be implemented to ensure border control, the closure of financing ports, propaganda platforms, anti-addiction, etc.     

INFORMATION-CENTRED DESIGN: A methodology for designing virtual meeting DESIGN environments

Development of single-user computer applications has often been based on user-centred or task-centred design methodologies, with some success. These methodologies are also useful for guiding the development of multi-user CSCW applications whenever the basic characteristics of the users, or the type of tasks for which the system is being designed are identifiable. The effectiveness of these methodologies as a basis for the design of virtual meeting environments for supporting community-based activities, on the other hand, is rather limited. This is mainly due to the fact that for such systems it is not generally possible to identify the user or task requirements, as these vary considerably from one community to another, or even within the same community over a period of time. New methodologies need to be devised, or existing methodologies have to be modified, to direct the development of virtual environments for which the characteristics of the users or their activities are not known in advance. This paper introduces the concept of information-centred design. Information-centred design, though not fully devised yet, focuses on the identification of the type of information, as well as the way it is collected and utilized by the users of a virtual meeting environment. This pool of information, which plays an important role in facilitating interaction and communication between the members of a community, could be defined as their communal memory.     

L’adaptation des modèles de production dans les pays émergents L’exemple de l’industrie automobile en Argentine

How to test for the existence of a new model of production based on the firm lending an ear to customer demands and valuing the individual and collective intelligence of its work force? The facts for putting this model to the test of reality come from an analysis of two Argentinean automobile-makers, subsidiaries of Toyota and Volkswagen. Various aspects of their organization policy provide evidence of their capacity for making adaptations by “hybridizing” the parent firm’s model with the rationales inherent in the network of local actors (suppliers and labor unions, in particular). These firms are open systems with a narrow margin of maneuver. — Special issue: Latin America.     

Celebrating the 21st anniversary of empowerment evaluation with our critical friends

This special topic edition of E&PP presents the insights of luminaries in the field who have helped shape empowerment evaluation with their critiques, concerns, and congratulations. We celebrate their contributions to empowerment evaluation. This special topic edition of E&PP presents their comments about an evaluation approach that, according to president Stewart Donaldson, has “gone viral” across the globe (Donaldson, 2015).To set the stage for these critical friends’ comments, additional context for their discussion is provided. In addition, this special topic edition concludes with a brief comment on their thoughts.     

The Politics of Pain and the End of Empire

This article is a discussion of the role of feeling and emotion, and particularly the experience of pain, in contemporary global political events. In placing pain at the center of an analysis of a lived experience of global politics, the aim is to forge strategies to resist neoliberal imperialism and to create emotionally literate political communities. Drawing on the work of Elaine Scarry, Sara Ahmed and Frantz Fanon, the article situates the concept of emotions in a modern colonial landscape that is both racialized and gendered, complicated by neoliberalism as a subjectivity that contains the scope for emotions. As a case study, the article considers the emotions of viewing the deliberate infliction of pain through the circulation of the ‘Abu Ghraib photos’, particularly in the form of recent museum exhibitions in the USA.