跨国技术联盟创新网络与合作创新绩效的关系研究

在已有研究成果的基础上,从网络中心度、网络量度、关系属性3个维度描述了跨国技术联盟创新网络,以政府作用为调节因素,构建了跨国技术联盟创新网络对合作创新绩效影响的概念模型,并以通信行业和汽车行业为研究对象进行了实证分析.研究结果显示,跨国技术联盟通过创新网络推动合作创新的绩效,政府对网络量度、关系属性与合作创新绩效之间关系具有正向调节作用,而对网络中心度与合作创新绩效之间关系的调节作用不明显.     

The Practice of Scenario Planning: An Analysis of Inter‐ and Intra‐organizational Strategizing

Strategic activity is often punctuated through the application of strategy tools. Despite widespread use, a lack of understanding exists regarding the impact such tools and their practices have on an organization's strategy process. Of the growing body of research tackling the phenomenon, none appears to extend beyond an intra‐organizational setting. Acknowledging the importance of multi‐organizational partnerships, particularly in the public sector, in this paper an attempt is made to help fill this void through examining the application and effect of a scenario planning process at an inter‐organizational level. Conceptualizing scenario planning as a practice of simplexity, where complexity of thought combines with simplicity of action, an in‐depth, longitudinal case study is used to demonstrate the importance and interaction of sensemaking, storytelling and organizing in creating meaning within strategizing activities at the inter‐organizational level. However, also demonstrated is the relative weakness of the output of the scenario planning process ? the stories ? as a boundary object capable of transferring knowledge and meaning to the intra‐organizational level. Through empirical and theoretical integration a model is developed presenting the flow of practices and artefacts used in sensemaking within inter‐ and intra‐organizational strategizing.     

Inter‐temporal and Inter‐industry Effects of Population Ageing: A General Equilibrium Assessment for Canada

Abstract. This paper examines the inter‐industry and labour market occupational effects of future demographic changes in Canada, using a computable overlapping‐generations model. In addition to the impact of slower labour force growth, the model captures the shift in sectoral composition of final demand of older individuals. The simulation results indicate that the growth in real GDP per capita could decline by nearly one percentage point between 2006 and 2050. The results also suggest that the equilibrium unemployment rate is likely to decline by more than two percentage points in the long run. However, the impact varies significantly at the occupational level.     

构建高层管理团队社会网络的人力资源实践、战略柔性与企业绩效——环境不确定性的调节作用

本文首次将战略柔性作为一种典型的动态能力运用到战略人力资源管理的研究领域中,探索了其在构建高层管理团队(TMT)社会网络的人力资源实践与企业绩效关系中所扮演的中介作用,并且基于我国经济转型这一现实背景,采用环境不确定性作为该中介环节的调节变量予以进一步阐释.我们对上述问题进行了实证检验,通过对北京、天津、上海、江苏和浙江等地区390家企业的780名高管进行问卷调查,最终获得241个有效样本,研究发现:(1)构建TMT社会网络的人力资源实践对企业绩效具有正向影响,并且战略柔性在其中发挥了完全中介的作用;(2)环境不确定性在构建TMT社会网络的人力资源实践与战略柔性的关系中具有调节作用,但在战略柔性与企业绩效的关系中不具有调节作用.本文的研究结论表明,考虑战略柔性和环境不确定性这两个重要因素可以更好地解释构建TMT社会网络的人力资源实践对企业绩效的影响机制,这为战略人力资源管理在动态环境中的发展和应用提供了重要启示.     

组织创新、组织学习与绩效——一个调节效应模型的实证分析

以我国珠江三角洲地区217家企业为调查对象,对组织创新、组织学习与绩效之间的互动影响,以及基于三者关系建立的调节效应模型进行了实证研究.层次回归分析结果表明,组织学习在组织创新与绩效关系之间确实具有显著的调节效应,说明组织学习的高低水平会影响组织创新与绩效之间的关系,企业组织学习的水平越高,组织创新对绩效的促进影响作用越显著.     

Inter‐organizational Quality Management: The Use of Contractual Incentives and Monitoring Mechanisms with Outsourced Manufacturing

Quality‐related incidents involving contract manufacturers (CMs) are becoming increasingly prevalent. The quality management (QM) literature, however, has focused mostly on QM within a single firm. Thus, the need for data‐driven research on managing quality with outsourced production is evident. We investigate the use and effectiveness of external failure penalties and audits of CMs’ facilities to manage inter‐firm quality. Building on agency theory and extant QM literature, this study addresses two research questions: (i) whether the control mechanisms of quality audits and contractual external quality failure penalties are substitutes or complements in use and (ii) whether they are substitutes or complements in their effectiveness at aligning the quality interests of customers and their CMs. Our analysis uses dyadic data gathered from brand‐owning firms and their CMs representing 95 contract manufacturing relationships in Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐regulated industries. The results indicate that more severe external failure penalties correspond to a lower use of facility audits (i.e., they are substitutes‐in‐use). We also find that both external failure penalties and facility audits have a unique positive effect on the CM's perception of relative quality importance. Finally, some evidence supports the hypothesis that each mechanism is more effective in the presence of the other (i.e., they are complements‐in‐effectiveness).     

Converging and Diverging Governance Mechanisms: The Role of (Dys)Function in Long‐term Inter‐organizational Relationships

This paper explores the dynamic interplay of formal/informal governance mechanisms, in terms of functional and dysfunctional consequences for both sides of the dyad, in long‐term inter‐organizational relationships. Using two longitudinal cases of UK defence sector procurement (warship commissioning) we move beyond notions of complementarity and substitution in governance towards a more nuanced view where the governance mix of inter‐organizational relationships can be convergent or divergent. Our findings, showing that relationships can exhibit functional and dysfunctional behaviour simultaneously, lead us to conclude that mismatches in governance mechanisms can be positive as well as negative. In building a context‐dependent understanding of governance we both summarize the (dys)functions associated with formal and informal governance mechanisms and explore their impact on relationship exchange performance over time.     

Manufacturing Practices and Strategy Integration: Effects on Cost Efficiency,Flexibility, and Market‐Based Performance

Manufacturing plant managers have sought performance improvements through implementing best practices discussed in World Class Manufacturing literature. However, our collective understanding of linkages between practices and performance remains incomplete. This study seeks a more complete theory, advancing the idea that strategy integration and enhanced manufacturing capabilities such as cost efficiency and flexibility serve as intermediaries by which practices affect performance. Hypotheses related to this thesis are tested using data from 57 North American manufacturing plants that are past winners and finalists in Industry Week's“America's Best” competition ( Drickhamer, 2001 ). The results suggest that strategy integration plays a strong, central role in the creation of manufacturing cost efficiency and new product flexibility capabilities. Furthermore, strategy integration moderates the influences of product‐process development, supplier relationship management, workforce development, just‐in‐time flow, and process quality management practices on certain manufacturing capabilities. In turn, manufacturing cost efficiency and new product flexibility capabilities mediate the influence of strategy integration on market‐based performance. These findings have implications for practice and for future research.     

Innovation and internationalization in an emerging market context: Moderating effects of interpersonal and organizational social networks

This study draws upon the social network theory to understand under what conditions innovation influences firm internationalization in the context of Vietnamese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We theorize that different types of social networks play varying roles in moderating the relationship between innovation and firm internationalization. Using a panel dataset of more than 15,800 observations of SMEs, we found that high levels of interorganizational social networks positively moderate the relationship between innovation and firm internationalization. However, there is no such relationship for interpersonal social networks for the studied firms. Our findings will allow SME managers to better understand the crucial role that interorganizational social networks can play in their successful internationalization.     

战略柔性、双元性创新和企业绩效

通过对274家企业的问卷调查,探讨了战略柔性对企业绩效的影响,以及双元性创新在此过程中的中介作用。研究表明,战略柔性不仅直接影响企业绩效,而且能够通过双元性创新间接影响企业绩效。最后,指出了研究的意义、研究局限和未来的研究方向。     

期望落差与企业创新的动态关系——冗余资源与竞争威胁的调节效应分析

期望落差导致决策者倾向于冒险创新还是规避风险, 这仍旧是没有解决的重要问题.创新是决策者的冒险动机与冒险能力共同作用的结果, 并且这种作用还将受到企业内部冗余资源以及外部竞争威胁的制约.基于中国民营上市公司数据, 主要得到以下几方面的结论:期望落差所引致的冒险动机与可感知冒险能力的动态变化, 最终导致了企业决策者随着企业期望落差的递增而提升创新投入, 但拐点之后其冒险创新的动力则逐渐减弱;组织冗余在期望落差与企业创新之间起到显著的正向调节作用, 即充足的冗余资源提高了落差状态下的企业创新投入;竞争威胁则在期望落差与企业创新之间起到显著的负向调节作用, 即企业面临的竞争威胁程度越高则越有可能降低它在期望落差状态下的创新投入;最后, 冗余资源与竞争威胁还显著地影响到企业创新投入的曲率及斜率的动态变化.     

When Many Davids Collaborate with One Goliath: How Inter‐organizational Networks (Fail to) Manage Size Differentials

How do organizations of vastly different size collaborate in order to achieve a common goal? While this poses less of a problem when the network is orchestrated by a classic lead firm, in networks exhibiting a shared governance mode, where leadership responsibilities are more or less equally distributed, size differentials present a critical management challenge. In this paper, we contribute to the literature on coordination in and of inter‐organizational arrangements by emphasizing the so far largely neglected role of size for managing close collaborative relationships. We study the case of Apprenticeship Network, a network that originally consisted of seven small and medium‐sized enterprises, but which then accepted a very large multinational firm as a new member. By unpacking how the network coordinated its endeavour over time to achieve accountability, predictability and a common understanding as critical conditions for effective coordination, we explore how coordination effectiveness may deteriorate and result in the failure of the collaborative effort. We pay special attention to the role of size in these processes, and we theorize how the strategic front and back‐staging of agreed‐upon rules and norms facilitates the formation, maintenance and deletion of a tie, thus producing important network dynamics.     

公司治理对R&D投入与企业绩效关系调节效应研究

公司治理通过监督和激励机制来控制经理人的机会主义行为,使经理人有效配置资源,从而影响R&D项目的执行效果,最终影响企业绩效,公司治理自然被作为R&D投入与企业绩效关系的调节变量引入。基于委托代理理论,从理论上论证公司治理是如何调节R&D投入与企业绩效的关系,并且提出相应假设,选取中国A股制造业上市公司为研究样本,利用层次回归方法和分组分析方法,检验机构投资者、国有控股、董事会、经理层股权激励对R&D投入与企业绩效关系的调节效应。检验结果表明,机构投资者和独立董事对R&D投入与企业绩效没有调节作用,机构投资者与企业绩效有显著的直接关系,国有控股、董事会会议强度对二者关系有负向调节作用,经理层股权激励对二者关系有正向调节效应。从检验结果可以看出,R&D活动严重的信息不对称性和高度的专业性使得对其监督的难度比较大,通过给经理人一定的股权,使他们成为股东,用激励机制解决R&D活动中的代理问题可能效果更好。     

Data‐Driven Supply Chain Orientation and Financial Performance: The Moderating Effect of Innovation‐Focused Complementary Assets

Drawing on the complementary assets framework, this study explores the moderating effect of innovation‐focused complementary assets (CA‐I) on the relationship between a data‐driven supply chain orientation (DDSCO) and firm financial performance. To test the moderating effect, survey data gathered from 329 manufacturing firms in China were analysed using a moderated regression analysis. The results indicate that DDSCO has a significant positive effect on financial performance, and that capabilities for product and process innovation function as complementary assets moderating the DDSCO–performance relationship. The findings suggest that innovation‐focused complementary assets are performance differentiators when paired with a DDSCO and explain why some firms obtain financial benefits from the development of a DDSCO while others do not. Specifically, competitive advantage from a DDSCO may not be realized unless CA‐I and potentially other complementary assets are harnessed, thus providing useful practical guidance to managers. Hence, the study provides empirical support for the complementary assets framework.     

组织结构、创新与企业绩效:环境的调节作用

基于397家中国企业的问卷调查所得数据,检验了探索式创新、利用式创新的前因和后果,发现:正规化的组织结构对两类创新均有促进作用,集权化的组织结构对利用式创新有负面影响;两类创新对企业绩效均有提升作用;环境竞争性对探索式创新与绩效的关系起正向调节作用,而对利用式创新与绩效的关系起负向调节作用。     

企业能力、技术创新和价值网络合作创新与企业绩效

在经济全球化的背景下,企业开始运用企业能力、技术创新和价值网络合作创新来增强竞争优势,以获取更好的绩效,而当前对于企业能力如何通过上述两种创新影响企业绩效的研究仍然模糊。针对理论研究的缺陷,基于企业能力理论,通过分析两种创新对企业能力与企业绩效的中介作用,揭示企业技术能力、市场导向、整合能力通过技术创新和价值网络合作创新促进企业绩效的内在机制。采用158份中国通信技术企业样本数据,运用多元回归分析的统计方法对假设进行实证检验。研究结果表明,增强企业技术能力、市场导向和整合能力对企业绩效具有显著的促进作用;技术创新对企业技术能力与企业绩效发挥部分中介作用,但对市场导向和整合能力与企业绩效的中介作用不明显,价值网络合作创新则对技术能力、市场导向和整合能力与企业绩效都发挥部分中介作用。应当通过提高企业和经理人的整合能力、加强企业与政府和研究机构之间网络合作的方式来解决企业在进行创新活动时面临的资源不平衡问题。     

Institutional Voids,Economic Adversity and Inter‐firm Cooperation in an Emerging Market: The Mediating Role of Government R&D Support

This paper examines the mediating mechanism of the relationship between institutional voids (IVs) and inter‐firm cooperation and the moderating role of economic adversity in the context of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) based in emerging markets. The hypotheses are tested using time‐lagged survey data from 214 SMEs in Ghana. The findings provide support for the hypotheses by showing that: (1) IVs positively influence the use of government research and development (R&D) support; (2) the use of government R&D support mediates the relationship between IVs and inter‐firm cooperation; and (3) economic adversity positively moderates the relationship between IVs and the use of government R&D support. The findings contribute to understanding the role of IVs in inter‐firm cooperation. The wider implications for theory and practice are examined.     

Cooperation and Knowledge Transfer within Buyer–Supplier Relationships: The Moderating Properties of Trust,Relationship Duration and Supplier Performance*

This paper examines the effect of relational factors on knowledge transfer within strategic buyer–supplier exchange. Prior research examining inter‐firm knowledge transfer has focused almost exclusively on horizontal forms of governance such as strategic alliances and joint ventures, whilst research on vertical forms, such as buyer–supplier relationships, is limited. We test the effect of four important relational properties: cooperation, trust, relationship duration and supplier performance. Quantitative data, gathered from 104 UK manufacturing firms in eight industry sectors, are used to analyse the hypothesized relationships through a moderated hierarchical regression model. Our study provides support for the importance of considering relational factors in the transfer of knowledge at the inter‐organizational level. In particular, the results indicate that knowledge transfer is positively influenced by the extent of cooperation, but that this relationship is moderated by the level of trust and the performance of the supplier firm. Managerial implications for these findings and future directions for research are then offered.     

Inter‐Organizational Fit,Relationship Management Capability,and Collaborative Performance within a Humanitarian Setting

Donors and governments are increasingly calling for more collaborative relationships between humanitarian organizations (HOs), to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian operations by exchanging information, knowledge, and resources. This study examines the relative efficacy of partners' characteristics (i.e., compatibility and resource complementarity) and partners' relationship management capability on collaborative relationships, incorporating mutual trust and reciprocal commitment as two mediator constructs. We use Partial Least Squares to examine the proposed hypotheses using a sample of 191 respondents. Data are collected through a web‐survey of international humanitarian non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) in countries across Africa, Asia, and South America. The results reveal that (i) resource complementarity and relationship management capability are significant factors influencing collaborative performance through their effects on partners' mutual trust and reciprocal commitment, and that (ii) partners' compatibility (i.e., missions, values, and operational methods) does not significantly drive success or failure of collaboration between international NGOs. These results suggest that given the present diversity of HOs' characteristics, the success of collaboration is associated with the partners' level of understanding of each other's objectives, operations, and values, and to the extent to which organizations efficiently communicate and coordinate their joint activities. The managerial implications of the findings are also discussed.