基于共识程度的双体博弈纳什均衡拓展研究

首先对一般双体博弈的策略进行拓展,提出共识纳什均衡的概念,并证明其存在性;根据共识程度的降低提出其他3种拓展形式——近似共识纳什均衡、局部共识纳什均衡和局部近似共识纳什均衡,并举例进行说明;然后,对各种均衡形式下的合作效率进行分析和比较。研究表明,共识纳什均衡的利益分配是基于信息本身——竞争环境的特殊形式,它是具有效率的。其他3种形式均衡的效率低于共识纳什均衡,但仍高于双体博弈纳什均衡。共识纳什均衡和其他3种形式的均衡为参与人组织更具效率的合作提供了渠道和理论解释。     

没有转移支付的“竞争—合作”理想点均衡研究

本文指出了纳什均衡的多重性是非合作博弈理论的主要问题之一,现有解决纳什均衡多重性问题的各种概念和方法尚有不足之处,研究提出了一种可以保证得到唯一均衡结果的新方法,即没有转移支付的"竞争-合作"理想点均衡,它相对现有概念和方法具有明显的优势.并举例验证了此计算方法.     

基于可信威胁的群体协商谈判模型及其应用

将传统的企业决策问题看作具有利益冲突情况下的非合作博弈问题,并提出群体协商 谈判问题,即冲突条件下,不同利益集团之间在维持非合作竞争收益的前提下如何进行合作的 问题. 提出并建立了冲突各方合作的Pareto 目标函数. 为使谈判形成的联盟稳定,提出了“可信 威胁”的概念,给出了度量算法. 基于可信威胁度,联盟对Pareto 值进行再分配. 最后,给出了一 个三方冲突协商谈判算例,得出若干有益的结论.     

有限理性下序贯价格竞争的动态演化

本文建立了两个企业的序贯价格竞争模型，基于有限理性预期调整，研究了企业博弈的动态演化特征，分析了模型的均衡解及其稳定性条件。研究发现，边界解和纳什均衡解是一定参数条件下的局部稳定均衡。基于有限理性的动态博弈能够实现基于完全信息的纳什均衡。单纯跟随策略是一定条件下的均衡策略，并能使跟随企业获得更高的销售价格。企业之间报价的相互跟随程度和企业预期的调整速度将会影响均衡点的稳定性。本文对模型进行了数值模拟分析，当参数不满足稳定性条件时会出现分岔、奇异吸引子等混沌现象。本文的主要研究结果对相关行业的企业竞争和稳定市场有启发意义。     

企业IT系统应用决策的博弈分析及实证研究

现有文献很少基于企业间的博弈来研究企业IT系统应用决策问题。本文首先构建博弈论模型证明了企业IT采用层次、实施投入水平分别为决策变量的情况下,两阶段博弈纯纳什均衡的存在性和唯一性,进而求出IT采用层次和预算同时决策变量条件下,n个企业三阶段博弈纯纳什均衡解,分析了纳什均衡状态时,企业初始因素、IT系统采用层次、实施投入水平及IT应用绩效之间的相互关系,同时以重庆市相关企业为样本的两阶段问卷数据,对理论分析的结果进行实证研究,结果表明:采用动因和实施投入水平显著正相关,实施投入水平与IT应用绩效显著正相关,采用层次与实施投入水平负相关,采用动因与应用绩效显著负相关。     

破解“蜈蚣博弈”悖论：“灰数规整”顺推归纳法研究

动态博弈分析的中心内容是子博弈完美纳什均衡分析,子博弈完美纳什均衡分析的核心方法是逆推归纳法^[1,2]。长期以来,逆推归纳法悖论与现实严重不符的现象困扰着学术界。本文揭示了逆推归纳悖论产生的根源:首先是其所犯的微观逻辑推理对整体宏观逻辑观忽略的错误;或者说只重视眼前(近期)利益,而忽略长远利益;其次是经典的多阶段动态博弈模型的结构形式无法满足人们对整体的和长远的利益考虑与均衡分析。本文构建了一种新型的基于未来博弈引导值的动态博弈模型的结构形式;设计了多阶段动态博弈的逆推"灰数规整"算法;构建多阶段动态博弈的"终止"和"引导"纳什均衡解的概念体系,并提供了方便有效的均衡分析方法;从而较好地破解了"蜈蚣博弈"的悖论。     

基于零售商自有品牌供应链质量协同控制研究

基于纳什谈判模型,研究零售商谈判实力不断增强下自有品牌产品质量纵向合作策略选择问题,分别对零售商不承担产品质量成本投入的保守型策略,零售商完全承担产品质量成本投入的冒险型策略以及零售商部分承担产品质量成本投入的老练型策略进行研究,获得上述三种策略下产品最优质量、供应链最优总利润以及各成员最优利润的纳什谈判均衡解。在此基础上,给出上述各策略的比较,数值分析以及老练型策略的一种修正。研究表明:1)随着零售商谈判实力的增强,保守型策略可能引发自有品牌产品质量"双重边际效应"问题;2)老练型策略虽可实现与谈判实力无关且等价于纵向集中控制下的最佳产品质量协同,但零售商并非总具备谈判实力条件;3)基于良好协商谈判的老练型策略的修正即可实现最佳的产品质量协同,又同时是各方的占优策略选择。     

基于环境污染第三方治理的随机微分合作博弈

在我国推行环境污染第三方治理实践中,地方政府、排污企业和第三方治理企业面临着现实困境,为寻求突破困境的科学决策路径,论文分别构建了地方政府外部监管和激励下的排污企业和第三方治理企业之间的环境污染治理随机微分非合作Ｓｔａｃｋｅｌｂｅｒｇ博弈与合作博弈模型,并给出了模型相应的反馈纳什均衡解和具有子博弈一致性的合作支付分配机制．研究发现,较之于非合作博弈,合作博弈既可以有效减少排污企业的偷排量还可以消除第三方治理企业的虚假治理,从而达成更优的治污效果;在具体决策方面,政府部门可以采用均衡监管并制定具体的激励措施以引导第三方治理企业积极进入治污市场并进行治污技术研发;排污企业 可以确定恰当的技术溢价因子、第三方治理企业可以确定合理的初始投资以实现治污效果和期望收益方面的合作共赢．最后,通过数值仿真验证了合作博弈的可行性和有效性,相关研究结果可为环境污染第三方治理机制建设提供决策依据．     

基于秩依期望效用理论的鹰鸽博弈均衡解分析

运用秩依期望效用理论研究鹰鸽博弈模型,在考虑局中人带有情绪因素的条件下研究博弈均衡解的存在性条件以及局中人情绪因素对均衡解的影响规律.研究发现:局中人情绪因素虽然不影响纯战略意义下的博弈均衡解,但对混合战略纳什均衡解存在非常大的影响.如果博弈双方争夺的利益大于双方同时采取"鹰"策略时的总成本,则无论局中人情绪如何,博弈不存在混合战略均衡;如果博弈双方争夺的利益小于双方同时采取"鹰"策略时的总成本,则当局中人同为悲观情绪且情绪指数的倒数之和小于等于1时,博弈不存在混合战略均衡解;否则,混合战略均衡解存在.特别地,如果博弈双方争夺的利益等于双方同时采取"鹰"策略时的总成本,则无论局中人情绪如何,存在且有无数个混合战略均衡.此外,在混合战略均衡存在的条件下,各自的混合均衡战略是分别关于自身或对方情绪指数的单调函数.     

非合作状态下制造商与垄断供应商之间的谈判博弈研究

通过构造一个2级供应链,建立了垄断供应商和制造商在非合作状态下的博弈模型,利用逆向归纳法求出了垄断供应商和制造商的非合作均衡解,并证明了垄断供应商优先选择生产成本低的制造商作为谈判对象.同时,提出了制造商之间的技术实力差距对非合作均衡态的影响,如果2个制造商之间的技术实力相差悬殊,市场将出现比较稳定的非合作均衡现象,如果技术实力接近,将出现争夺谈判权的博弈现象.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.