China's Pro-Poor Growth: Measurement and Implications

ABSTRACT. Pro-poor growth has been the preeminent strategic framework of the international development community because it describes relationships between growth, inequality, and poverty. Assessing whether economic growth and income distributional changes are “pro-poor” has important policy implications and has become increasingly widespread in academic and policy societies. The article aims to measure the pro-poor growth in rural China from 1989 to 2009 through analyzing the household survey data collected by the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Among the main findings, from 1989 to 2006, China's economic growth in rural areas was relatively weakly pro-poor and poverty reduction mainly relied on the “trickle-down effect” of economic growth. However, since 2006, both the “trickle-down effect” of growth and changes in income distribution have reduced poverty. During this period, Chinese economic growth was pro-poor. Research on pro-poor growth based on more comprehensive data is urgently needed to advise policymakers to make relevant policies.     

Women and Work: An Attitudinal Study

While much has been written about the increasing rate of female participation in the workforce, Australian research has seldom explored the motivation of women to remain at work after marriage or return to the workplace after their responsibilities have declined. The results of a survey of 150 women in an outer Melbourne suburb highlight the complex nature of women's attitudes towards work, which vary with employment status, occupational background and age. Although only the latter was found to be statistically significant, the former were also shown to be influential. Furthermore, while economic necessity emerged as the dominant factor in motivating women to work, the need for social contact and the nature of the job itself were also of importance.     

Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives on Domestic Violence: Implications for Social Action

Theoretical and methodological paradigms used by researchers and applied workers to conceptualise domestic violence are examined, with particular emphasis on the implications for social action. It is argued that the gender assumptions underlying the theoretical framework adopted are often implicit, unacknowledged, and that when they assume equal power between men and women may do a disservice to female victims. We maintain that the consequence of discrepant approaches of professionals encountering domestic violence is insufficient dialogue between researchers and applied workers, reducing the potential for effective social remedy. Some resolutions of this dilemma are proposed; specifically, these concern the adoption of feminist paradigms, the importance of making victims more visible, and empowering women to overcome violent oppression.     

Understanding Accountability: Theoretical Models and their Implications for Social Service Organizations

This article examines the concept of accountability and its implications for social service organizations. Accountability, it is argued, is a theoretically embedded concept, with each theory producing various conflicting models of accountability. The article seeks to map and structure the various models of accountability, highlighting the differences between the models and their implications for social service organizations. The models chosen are relevant to the Aotearoa/New Zealand context and also to countries in western Europe as they include the systems of political economy present within recent history: social democratic and neo-liberal, and also a coherent alternative, the communitarian model.     

Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Cross-Cultural Psychology

Carl Ratner and Lumei Hui, Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Cross-Cultural Psychology, pp. 67–93.
Although cross-cultural psychology has advanced our understanding of cultural aspects of psychology, it is marred by theoretical and methodological flaws. These flaws include misunderstanding cultural issues and the manner in which they bear on psychology; obscuring the relation between biology, culture, and psychology; inadequately defining and measuring cultural factors and psychological phenomena; erroneously analysing data and drawing faulty conclusions about the cultural character of psychology. This article identifies fundamental theoretical and methodological errors that have appeared in prominent cross-cultural psychological research. Suggestions for overcoming them are then outlined.     

企业社会资本的概念与测量：一个综合理论分析框架

本文采用“网络闭合”和“结构洞”两种社会资本的理论视角,提出“信任”和“网络位置”是企业社会资本的最主要特征的观点,并从组织和群体两个层面及企业内部和外部两个部分对企业的社会资本测量进行了分析。在本文所提出的企业社会资本测量的分析框架中,在组织层面上,将企业看作是网络中的节点,关注企业的正式关系以及网络结构特征;在群体层面上,将企业社会资本看作是企业“班底”的内部信任程度以及在他们在人际关系网络中的位置。     

中美数字产业竞争力：测算、比较以及启示

当前,数字产业已经成为中美数字经济战略博弈的焦点。文章基于统一后的中美数字经济产业分类口径,构建数字产业竞争力指数测算框架,对两国数字产业竞争力进行了比较分析。分析结果表明:中国数字化赋权硬件基础设施产业和数字化赋权软件基础设施产业竞争力超过了美国,但是仍面临着生产效率短期内难以追平美国、产业竞争力的长期提升遭受制约等问题;美国数字化交易产业和数字化媒体产业竞争力高于中国,但中国依靠庞大的消费市场和不断完善的数字基础设施,产业竞争力具备较大的增长潜力。中国应把握在数字化产品制造上成本低、规模大以及5G等新兴技术应用的优势,加大对于龙头数字企业的培育力度,以带动数字交易和数字媒体的发展,时刻注意防范关键核心技术"卡脖子"的风险,不断提升数字产业国际竞争力。     

Mental Health Problems Among Single Mothers: Implications for Work and Welfare Reform

Welfare reform's emphasis on work and self-sufficiency assumes that poor single mothers are similar in their status and functioning to the rest of the population. However, we find that their status is quite distinct. Logistic regression results reveal that the likelihood of working is 25% lower for those with a psychiatric disorder. Mental health problems may prevent women from undertaking the tasks necessary to find employment, or women with these problems may lack the self-confidence needed to take on new challenges. Our findings suggest that mental health problems among single mothers deserve greater attention as a barrier to self-sufficiency and highlight the need for more effective intervention and treatment efforts to improve economic and social outcomes.     

城市经营的涵义、误区及其若干对策

"城市经营"是指以城市政府为主导的各城市经营主体运用市场经济手段对城市可经营的各种资源进行整合、重组和运作,实现城市资源配置的最优化和效益的最大化,其实质是实现城市成长的最优化。当前,我国的"城市经营"存在"只见土地,一叶障目"、"资金导向,有失偏颇"、"亦步亦趋,千城一面"、"不切实际,铺张奢华"、"寅吃卯粮,渴泽而渔"、"理念僵化,新瓶旧酒"六大误区,而规划先行,加快政府职能转变,树立城市财政经营理念,大力开展项目融资,经营好城市土地,构建有效的城市决策机制正是矫正上述误区的关键所在。     

Intergenerational Relations with In-Laws in the Context of the Social Convoy: Theoretical and Practical Implications

Intergenerational relations among in-laws are involuntary ties emerging as a consequence of marriage. As such, these relations provide a window through which the dynamics involved in restructuring social networks following life transitions may be observed. A questionnaire, based on the social convoy model, was given to an ethnically diverse sample of adults with living in-laws (N = 170), married 2–15 years. About half of the respondents included in-laws in a concentric circle network diagram of persons close and important to them. The strongest unique predictors of convoy placement for the mother-in-law were support, frequency of contact, relationship quality, and length of marriage, and for the father-in-law were support, relationship quality, and value similarity. This study sheds light on the dynamics of an intergenerational relationship that has been largely ignored in the literature, laying the groundwork for conceptualizing ways to foster positive in-law relationships as a necessary tool in managing the care of the growing numbers of elderly in the new millennium.     

拆解“结构-能动”的理论迷思：正负情愫交融现象的理论意涵

至少自20世纪70年代以后,由“结构-能动”二元互斥对彰概念所经营的论述成为西方社会学理论的重要课题。本文从西方社会思想的发展脉络出发,试图从哲学人类学存有预设以及认知模式的角度来拆解这一论述议题可能内涵的基本特质--理性至上、认知导向、结构外在制约化与二元互斥对彰观,并进而指出,在当前以符号消费为导向的后现代场景中,这一论述架构不足以妥贴地掌握整个时代的脉动,无法处理诸如正负情愫交融这一当前社会的重要社会心理现象。因此,我们需要新的思维模式以及哲学人类学的存有预设,亦即新的社会学思维。     

Social Citizenship Rights and the Welfare Circle Dilemma: Attitudinal Findings of Two Chinese Societies

This paper places social citizenship momentum into the context of squaring the welfare circle for examination. Citizenship is a powerful world-level organizing principle especially by the minority groups for their claim of equal treatment. The squaring of welfare circle refers to the need of the governments to constrain their budgets but also meet the rising demands from and needs of their people. This comparative study looks at the attitudinal findings of two Chinese societies of Hong Kong and Taiwan to see whether or not the cultural factor can mitigate the momentum of social citizenship rights and the demand side of the welfare circle. Implications for social policy are also discussed.     

Social Capital in Urban China: Attitudinal and Behavioral Effects on Grassroots Self‐Government*

Objectives. Studies of Western settings, in general, argue that social capital, defined as a set of civic norms and social networks among ordinary citizens, nurtures democratic governance at various levels. Does such a social capital exist in a transitional society such as China? If so, what kind of role does social capital play in affecting individuals' attitudinal and behavioral orientations toward fledging grassroots self‐government in that society? This study is intended to answer these questions, which are crucial for our understanding of China's sociopolitical development as well as for the application of social capital theories in non‐Western societies. Methods. This study is based on the data collected from a representative survey conducted in an urban area in China in 2004. Results. The findings from this study indicate that social capital among urban residents was abundant, and it nurtured the grassroots self‐government system through residents' attitudinal and behavioral orientations toward the system. Conclusions. These findings have strong implications for the future of local democratic governance and applicability of social capital theories in China.     

Decision making in Child Protection: The Use of Theoretical, Empirical and Procedural Knowledge by Novices and Experts and Implications for Fieldwork Placement

Correspondence to Dr Julie Hudson, 89 Yorktown Road, Elizabeth Park, South Australia 5113 Summary This paper is concerned with the process of decision makingin child protection, particularly as it relates to the decisionwhether or not to remove a child from home. The study compareda group of novice social workers with expert practitioners,placing a particular focus on the types of knowledge that novicesdraw upon when making such decisions. A three-stage, qualitative methodology was employed to investigatechild protection decision making. All parts of the study utilizeda case vignette of a neglect scenario. This paper reports onsome of the findings in respect of the use of theoretical, empiricaland procedural knowledge. The findings suggest that novices tend to lack a clear understandingof the factors that are associated with child maltreatment.While they have a superficial awareness of the concept of riskassessment, they have an inability to weigh factors appropriatelyand to apply this to their practice. The implications of these findings are discussed in relationto field education.     

人性假设、伦理批判与"以人为本"--论《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的理论缺失及现实意义

马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,预设了人性的原初状态和价值,并引入了“异化”概念,揭露和批判了资本主义生产的非人性。但这种批判主要偏重伦理层面,结果只能是得出反剥削、反异化的人道主义的逻辑结论。但是手稿也初步显露了以人为本的思想的端倪,这对中国目前的现实有一定的反思意义。     

Marital Conflict in the Context of Parental Depressive Symptoms: Implications for the Development of Children's Adjustment Problems

Relations among parental depressive symptoms, overt and covert marital conflict, and child internalizing and externalizing symptoms were examined in a community sample of 235 couples and their children. Families were assessed once yearly for three years, starting when children were in kindergarten. Parents completed measures of depressive symptoms and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Behavioral observations of marital conflict behaviors (insult, threat, pursuit, and defensiveness) and self report of covert negativity (feeling worry, sorry, worthless, and helpless) were assessed based on problem-solving interactions. Results indicated that fathers' greater covert negativity and mothers' overt destructive conflict behaviors served as intervening variables in the link between fathers' depressive symptoms and child internalizing symptoms, with modest support for the pathway through fathers' covert negativity found even after controlling for earlier levels of constructs. These findings support the role of marital conflict in the impact of fathers' depressive symptoms on child internalizing symptoms.