Quantile Plots,Partial Orders,and Financial Risk

Quantile-quantile plots are most commonly used to compare the shapes of distributions, but they may also be used in conjunction with partial orders on distributions to compare the level and dispersion of distributions that have different shapes. We discuss several easily recognized patterns in quantile-quantile plots that suffice to demonstrate that one distribution is smaller than another in terms of each of several partial orders. We illustrate with financial applications, proposing a quantile plot for comparing the risks and returns of portfolios of investments. As competing portfolios have distributions that differ in level, dispersion, and shape, it is not sufficient to compare portfolios using measures of location and dispersion, such as expected returns and variances; however, quantile plots, with suitable scaling, do aid in such comparisons. In two plots, we compare specific portfolios to the stock market as a whole, finding these portfolios to have higher returns, greater risks or dispersion, thicker tails than their greater dispersion alone would justify. Nonetheless, investors in these risky portfolios are more than adequately compensated for the risks undertaken.     

Risk of Disclosure, Perceptions of Risk, and Concerns about Privacy and Confidentiality as Factors in Survey Participation

This article reports on a web-based vignette experiment investigating how likely subjects would be to participate in surveys varying in topic sensitivity and risk of disclosure. A total of 3,672 participants each responded to a series of eight vignettes, along with a variety of background questions, concerns about confidentiality, trust in various institutions, and the like.Vignettes were randomly assigned to respondents, such that each respondent was exposed to four levels of disclosure risk for each level of topic sensitivity (high versus low). Half the sample was assigned to receive a confidentiality statement for all eight vignettes, while the other half received no mention of confidentiality in the vignettes. The order of presentation of vignettes was randomized for each respondent.Respondents were also asked for their subjective perceptions of risk, harm, and social as well as personal benefits for one of the eight vignettes. Adding these questions permits us to examine how objective risk information presented by the researcher relates to the subjective perception of risk by the participant, and to assess the importance of both for their willingness to participate in the surveys described.Under conditions resembling those of real surveys, objective risk information does not affect willingness to participate. On the other hand, topic sensitivity does have such effects, as do general attitudes toward privacy and survey organizations as well as subjective perceptions of risk, harm, and benefits. We discuss the limitations and implications of these findings.     

信用风险、融资担保和动态保费估值

基于市场化信息和风险中性的概念,度量了有担保贷款的边际违约概率和累积违约概率,确定了贷款担保风险的精算现值,根据市场信用价差的变化给出了动态保费每期的调整幅度,并利用数值模拟进行了担保费率的比较静态分析,最后根据实际的担保数据给出了动态保费的实证检验.结果显示,实际的违约支付非常接近于动态保费的估值,证明动态保费估值模型是一个简单、可行和实用的定价模型.     

信贷约束、风险态度与家庭资产选择

本文运用中国家庭金融调查数据（CHFS）,从信贷约束与风险态度两个方面研究其对家庭资产的参与及配置影响。研究发现,在控制其他因素情况下,家庭信贷约束会增加家庭风险厌恶程度;受到信贷约束的家庭,其房产持有概率和房产市值均显著下降;其股票持有概率会显著下降,但对其持有股票市值影响并不显著;受到信贷约束的家庭,其购买商业保险的概率偏低;家庭风险态度对家庭房产选择的影响不显著;对股票资产的持有概率和持有量均产生负向影响,对商业保险资产的持有则产生显著正向影响。     

相依结构、动态系统性风险测度与后验分析

本文利用Copula相依结构理论扩展和求解了现有的系统性风险测度CoVaR,以得到适用于不同类型常参数和时变参数Copula函数及不同分布假设的动态系统性风险测度。为了验证和评估模型设定的准确性与应用价值,我们构建了适用于该动态系统性风险测度CoVaR的严谨后验分析工具。除“无条件覆盖性”、“独立性”和“条件覆盖性”外,我们首次提出了“混合独立性”检验。基于中国14家上市商业银行的实证分析表明：中国上市商业银行与中国银行业之间的相依结构呈现多样化特征;无论是样本内还是样本外预测区间,我们的动态Copula-CoVaR模型能够有效地捕捉典型系统性风险事件;严谨的后验分析不仅需要检验系统性风险测度CoVaR,也需要检验条件事件的临界值VaR。     

收入风险、金融教育与家庭金融市场参与

运用中国城市居民消费金融调查数据,基于因果推断的分析框架,采用倾向分值匹配法研究了收入风险、金融教育对家庭金融市场参与的影响。研究发现,收入越稳定,家庭开展金融教育的概率越高;金融教育显著提高了家庭的金融市场参与;按收入风险将样本分组后,上述结论依然稳健,且金融教育对不同家庭金融市场参与的影响具有非对称性。在对家庭收入稳定性分类的基础上,有针对性地增加金融教育的供给,提升家庭整体的金融教育水平,有利于提高家庭金融市场参与度,优化家庭金融资产配置,进而改善家庭金融福利。     

Lower Bounds on Integrated Risk,Subject to Inequality Constraints

Statistical decision theory can sometimes be used to find, via a least favourable prior distribution, a statistical procedure that attains the minimax risk. This theory also provides, using an ‘unfavourable prior distribution’, a very useful lower bound on the minimax risk. In the late 1980s, Kempthorne showed how, using a least favourable prior distribution, a specified integrated risk can sometimes be minimised, subject to an inequality constraint on a different risk. Specifically, he was concerned with the solution of a minimax‐Bayes compromise problem (‘compromise decision theory’). Using an unfavourable prior distribution, Kabaila & Tuck ( 2008 ), provided a very useful lower bound on an integrated risk, subject to an inequality constraint on a different risk. We extend this result to the case of multiple inequality constraints on specified risk functions and integrated risks. We also describe a new and very effective method for the computation of an unfavourable prior distribution that leads to a very useful lower bound. This method is simply to maximize the lower bound directly with respect to the unfavourable prior distribution. Not only does this method result in a relatively tight lower bound, it is also fast because it avoids the repeated computation of the global maximum of a function with multiple local maxima. The advantages of this computational method are illustrated using the problems of bounding the performance of a point estimator of (i) the multivariate normal mean and (ii) the univariate normal mean.     

The Variance Risk Premium: Components,Term Structures,and Stock Return Predictability

This article examines the properties of the variance risk premium (VRP). We propose a flexible asset pricing model that captures co-jumps in prices and volatility, and self-exciting jump clustering. We estimate the model on equity returns and variance swap rates at different horizons. The total VRP is negative and has a downward-sloping term structure, while its jump component displays an upward-sloping term structure. The abrupt and persistent response of the short-term jump VRP to extreme events makes this specific premium a proxy for investors’ fear of a market crash. Furthermore, the use of the VRP level and slope, and of its components, helps improve the short-run predictability of equity excess returns.     

相依随机风险变量下的金融风险测定一同单调随机序

金融风险的管理一直是金融系统理论与实践探索的中心内容,其中风险管理技术是核心管理技术,风险的识辨、测度与其吸收、转移与分摊技术是现代金融工程研究的重点与中心。对于独立条件下的风险测度已有不少的技术讨论,文章对一类金融产品在相依性下,如何进行风险测度与管理提出一种方法———同单调随机序。     

Risk Measure Inference

We propose a bootstrap-based test of the null hypothesis of equality of two firms’ conditional risk measures (RMs) at a single point in time. The test can be applied to a wide class of conditional risk measures issued from parametric or semiparametric models. Our iterative testing procedure produces a grouped ranking of the RMs, which has direct application for systemic risk analysis. Firms within a group are statistically indistinguishable from each other, but significantly more risky than the firms belonging to lower ranked groups. A Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that our test has good size and power properties. We apply the procedure to a sample of 94 U.S. financial institutions using ΔCoVaR, MES, and %SRISK. We find that for some periods and RMs, we cannot statistically distinguish the 40 most risky firms due to estimation uncertainty.     

城镇就业风险、环境、条件与外出务工农村劳动力的逆向回流

基于685份外出务工农村劳动力样本的问卷调查数据，建立有序Logistic回归模型，分析外出务工农村劳动力个人及家庭特征、就业能力、就业风险、就业环境及就业条件等对其逆向回流行为的影响。结果显示：外出务工农村劳动力年龄越大，身体素质和文化水平越低，务工单位拖欠工资与签订合同情况越差，城镇政策体制环境、经济环境和文化环境越差，理想工作的择业门槛越高，外出务工劳动力越倾向于彻底逆向回流。因此，为实现农村剩余劳动力的彻底转移，应积极发展城镇第二、第三产业，改善城镇就业环境，降低农村劳动力在城镇务工的就业风险，同时有效提高农村劳动力的健康水平和文化素质。     

违约风险、房地产贷款市场博弈与房地产价格

本文从事后激励的角度，构建了一个关于房地产个人贷款违约与银行反应策略的博弈模型，对中国房地产价格下跌的诱发机制以及家庭和银行的最优决策进行了理论分析。在此基础上选择35个大中城市作为研究样本，利用面板数据回归模型对相关理论推论进行了实证检验。理论推演和实证研究表明，家庭收入下降和房地产贷款违约是诱发房地产价格下跌的关键因素。提高购房首付比，降低房地产贷款价值比以及保持房地产贷款市场结构的适度集中，既可以抑制房地产价格过快上涨，也可以预防房地产价格发生暴跌风险。当房地产贷款出现违约时，为了避免房地产价格进入下降螺旋，银行的最优策略不是取消房地产抵押品的赎回权，而是采取积极的信贷刺激措施以稳住房地产价格。贷款市场份额占比越高的银行越有激励这样做。     

保险公司长寿风险度量

本文梳理了几种重要的动态死亡率预测模型,给出了长寿风险度量的三种方法,选取了保险公司及国家统计局公布的人口死亡率数据,度量了保险公司的两类长寿风险,对不同方法下长寿风险的度量结果进行比较,并分析了极限年龄与折现率变动对长寿风险影响的敏感性。研究发现：基于保险公司经营稳健性的视角,第一类长寿风险的度量应采用随机模拟法,第二类长寿风险的度量应采用标准公式法;极限年龄的变动对长寿风险的影响较小,保险公司无上调经验生命表极限年龄的必要;长寿风险对折现率的变动较为敏感,提高折现率,保险公司长寿风险显著降低。     

Measuring Downside Risk Using High-Frequency Data: Realized Downside Risk Measure

In this article, we propose a general downside risk measure based on high-frequency downward moves below minimum acceptable target in asset prices. We derive the central limit theorem of this measure, and Monte Carlo simulation experiments support our theoretical results. We also investigate the distributional properties of this measure in China’s stock market. The theoretical and empirical works on realized downside risk measure shed light on the potential of this measure in measuring and modeling financial risk.     

应积极推动社会风险的调查与统计

这几年来,随着改革开放的进展,社会统计已有了较大的发展,然而有关风险、灾害、安全这一类的统计工作,还没有受到广泛的注意。本文试图结合国内的情况,介绍一些国外在这方面的工作,来说明开展这一项工作的意义和它的紧迫性。我国幅员辽阔,地理、气候、人文、自然条件差别很大,对于自然灾害的频繁程度和人们心理以及财力上的承受能力,过去有过一些统计,但多是记录一些较大的灾害。而对于如森林火灾、洪水灾害,在各个地区之间有多大的差异,还缺乏认真、系统的调查和分析。对于一些较常见的自然灾害,如雷击引起的死亡和财产损失,溺水引起的死亡,坠落引起的死亡等等,还没有专门的统计,而且还没有认识到这一类统计数字对国家的建设有什么意义。     

上证50ETF期权隐含波动风险对资本市场风险的预警能力分析

使用上证50ETF期权数据计算隐含波动率风险来刻画"常规"的波动,使用隐含尾部风险刻画非对称的隐含波动风险,构造出了对中国股票市场有显著风险预警能力的风险测度。首先,选取上证50指数和沪深300指数,使用两指数收益率序列的高阶矩作为股市未来的风险度量,用长短国债利差作为宏观风险的代理变量,证实了上证50ETF期权隐含波动率风险和隐含尾部风险对未来6个月内的股票市场风险和宏观风险都有显著预测能力。其次,使用有变点的分位数自回归模型对隐含尾部风险进行建模,并在贝叶斯框架下使用MCMC方法估计出了两个隐含尾部风险的突变日期:2016年3月3日和2017年12月15日。使用以上两个突变日期将股指序列和长短国债利差序列划分为三个时期,发现三个时期内的股票市场风险和宏观风险都有显著的差异。观察差异结果可以发现,当金融市场处于高波动风险时,宏观风险也相应较高,尾部风险呈高分位膨胀性;随着尾部风险的突变发生,金融市场和宏观市场风险开始降低并结束波动期,继而迎来一段时间的稳定上升;当市场一直处于较为稳定的上升状态并伴随着较低的宏观风险时,此时尾部风险逐渐增加并再次发生突变,预示着股票和宏观市场再一次迎来一段波动期。研究证明,期权隐含波动风险对股票市场乃至宏观资本市场都有显著的风险预警能力。