考虑参照依赖的企业合作创新演化博弈分析

合作创新具有实现资源互补,降低创新风险,提高创新成功可能性的优势,但是在实践中企业间的合作关系却难以保持稳定性。本文基于有限理性假设,改变传统的期望效用理论,引入前景理论中的参照点概念,分析创新主体的效用,构建合作创新博弈收益感知矩阵,并基于该矩阵对合作创新博弈双方的行为进行演化博弈分析,为保持合作创新的持续性提出建议。研究表明,企业对创新收益的感知价值、合作创新成本、收益分配和成本分担等因素是合作稳定性的重要影响因素,增强企业对长期的战略性合作创新收益的感知,引导企业建立正确的创新风险认知,控制合作创新的交易成本等措施将有利于增强合作创新的稳定性。     

The evolution of leadership: Leadership and followership as a solution to the problem of creating and executing successful coordination and cooperation enterprises

This paper proposes that leadership and followership are not just evolved solutions to the problem of coordinating what to do once a group exists. Rather, leadership and followership also solve the problem of creating a group in the first place. Creating a group is a problem of meta-coordination: coordinating with others about what to coordinate about. Of all possible bases for coordinating or cooperating, only a tiny fraction will be embraced by others, and smaller fraction still will be successfully implemented and executed. No one individual has enough information to solve this problem on one's own. Leadership and followership solve this problem by creating a social marketplace, in which leaders propose possible coordination and cooperation enterprises, and followers evaluate and choose among these offered possibilities. This marketplace—in which different individuals propose and evaluate different coordination and cooperation enterprises—solves the problem of meta-coordination by exposing possible enterprises to the broader social market, which serves as a selective or culling regime. Leadership and followership are evolved information-processing roles within this social marketplace. Consequently, understanding the evolutionary psychology of leadership and followership requires understanding the challenges and opportunities inherent in this market dynamic. The present paper analyzes the tasks that must be carried out to successfully navigate this dynamic. This task analysis predicts a number of novel information-processing functions for the roles of leadership and followership, and suggests that leadership and followership are a broader set of phenomena than currently conceptualized. This broadened conceptualization has a number of important implications for future research, and suggests that leadership and followership may have played a more central role in the evolution of human coordination and cooperation than has been appreciated.     

6 Structure,Affect and Identity as Bases of Organizational Competition and Cooperation

Abstract

Competing organizations are often defined by their niche overlap or structural equivalence in resource dependence, but the very structure that defines competitors can also identify cooperators. There is a fine line between competition and cooperation, but current theories give insufficient guidance as to which will take place and also contribute to the belief that cooperation between competitors is illegitimate. We show that the legitimacy of these practices, as well the evaluation of their welfare implications, are context bound. Individuals and societies that have been influenced by different theories of competition could reasonably (and have) reach different conclusions as to the legitimacy of competitor cooperation. We then critique extant ideas as to when competitors will cooperate, which rely on industry structure, and suggest instead that perception and social identity are more important in tipping the cooperate–compete balance. We conclude by showing how our arguments inform an important current stream of management research, on the process of institutional change.     

基于限制合作博弈的产业集群企业利益分配研究

产业集群内部企业组成协同创新联盟是促进联盟合作的有效途径,然而影响联盟企业合作最为关键的因素是如何合理公平的对联盟的利益进行分配。考虑联盟中企业合作能力为灰色信息且企业之间的依赖关系具有不完整性,本文首先,基于灰色系统理论定义了灰色授权算子;其次,运用Choquet积分对企业之间的依赖关系进行集成;再将这种依赖关系信息和Shapley模型结合起来建立了具有灰色授权机制的限制合作博弈模型,并证明了该模型满足有效性、对称性、可加性和哑元性公理。最后通过算例说明了该模型的可行性和实用性。     

The Role of Group Member Affect in the Relationship between Trust and Cooperation

It is widely acknowledged that trust greatly affects work group functioning. Whereas trust may facilitate cooperation, distrust may impede it. Insight into when distrusters may be prompted to cooperate may therefore be of importance. Empirical studies point to several moderators of the effect of trust on cooperation. Unfortunately, these studies largely ignored the potential role of group member affect. Our study shows that group members' affective displays (particularly the activation level of the displays) have a substantial impact on the relationship between trust and cooperation. First, a scenario experiment (n=80) revealed that low trusting individuals were more willing to cooperate when confronted with group members who display high (versus low) activation affective states, whereas for more high trusting individuals cooperation was not contingent on other group members' affective displays. Second, a laboratory experiment (n=78), employing a social dilemma paradigm, replicated these findings and indicated that this effect is explained by the extent to which others are expected to cooperate. The discussion focuses on theoretical implications and managerial ramifications. Our study testifies to the significant role that affect may play in keeping up cooperation in organizations and work groups when trust is withering.     

协同创新、知识溢出的演化博弈机制研究

基于演化博弈理论,研究企业、大学和科研机构间协同创新过程的"演化稳定策略"。通过设计知识共享模型分析知识投入与知识溢出对协同创新的影响并进行仿真检验。研究认为,长期的协同创新中"合作"策略是参与方采用的"演化稳定策略";当参与方数量不同时,小群体一方率先实现"合作"策略稳定,群体数量相近时双方采用"合作"策略的收敛速度趋于一致;增加知识溢出有利于提高协同创新效率与稳定性。在理论上解释了协同创新博弈的合作策略稳定性,为产学研合作的机制设计提供决策参考。     

Community-Based Service-Learning: Does It Have a Role in Management Education?

Community based service-learning is a form of experiential education in which students engage in activities that address human and community needs, together with structured opportunities designed to promote student learning and development. Can it be effectively applied to address the current struggles of management education? Management education is facing a gap between traditional curricular content and society's needs for new competencies. The Academy is also faced with the challenge of more effectively relating to society's social, economic and civic problems. The results of this analysis indicate that service-learning offers a means of closing the gap by helping to prepare students who are lifelong learners and active, caring participants in their communities. Service-learning appears to be a promising means of developing such managerial skills as leadership, critical thinking, teamwork, and cooperation. The limitations of service-learning for management education are addressed as well.     

临时型知识团队合作治理中社会约束影响的实验研究

本文在理论回顾基础上,结合横向监督理论,提出将社会约束引入临时型知识团队合作能够有效激励团队合作的假设;为验证社会约束时临时型知识团队合作的影响,本文采用实验室实验中的公共品实验方法,模拟临时型知识团队的构成和运作过程;实验结果表明,社会约束能够提高临时型知识团队合作行为;最后文章为临时型知识团队合作机制设计提出建议:应引入社会制裁和经济约束以促进临时型知识团队的合作.对临时型知识团队成员应进行分类管理,通过社会约束机制营造公平的团队氛围以促进成员之间的合作,进而提高团队绩效.     

Green product supply chain contracts considering environmental responsibilities

Environmental sustainability has become an important metric for assessing the success of supply chain management. We study several cooperation contracts within a green product supply chain and investigate their environmental performance. Stakeholders’ environmental responsibilities are considered in a two-echelon supply chain in which consumers are environmentally conscious, a manufacturer designs and produces a green product, and a retailer promotes the green product in its marketplace through green marketing. This problem is analyzed and modeled under three contracts in order of increasing cooperation level: price-only, green-marketing cost-sharing, and two-part tariff contracts. The analytical results show that cooperation among partners can help the supply chain achieve environmental improvements. Cooperating contracts are valuable in practice because consumers are now paying more attention to sustainability and have become more environmentally conscious. A counterintuitive but interesting result is that cooperation may not always profitably benefit all partners; manufacturing becomes more profitable when the manufacturer shares the green-marketing cost with the retailer, whereas the retailer is worse off under the cost-sharing contract than under the price-only contract. This result is more significant when consumers’ green awareness increases. The results on social-welfare performance show that the supply chain’s social welfare increases with the increase of the supply chain’s cooperation level.     

软件产业虚拟集群企业间信任进化博弈研究

针对软件产业虚拟集群内软件企业合作过程中存在的合作态度不积极、机会主义行为严重、资源共享程度低等不信任问题,从软件企业的有限理性出发,运用进化博弈理论,引入合作收益、收益分配系数、风险成本以及背信成本等影响因素,构建软件产业虚拟集群企业间信任进化博弈模型,对进化路径及结果进行分析,运用Matlab进行数值模拟。研究表明,通过提高软件企业间合作收益,确定最优的收益分配系数及合理的背信成本,降低风险成本,能够提升软件产业虚拟集群企业间信任。     

CEO网络嵌入性与企业价值

以社会网络理论为理论依据,本文构建了CEO网络嵌入性与企业价值关系的概念模型,提出CEO网络嵌入性与企业价值变化正相关的假设。运用结构方程方法的模型发展策略,选取2009年A股非金融保险业上市公司为样本,对概念模型与实证数据进行契合,得到一个在统计上与样本数据能够良好适配的理论模型。通过对模型进行实证检验,证实了本文所提出的理论假设和概念模型的合理性。     

Methodological Issues in Labour Economics: Procedures for Procedural Rationality?

Abstract. This paper examines methodological issues in labour economics, by examining the claim that it is moving closer to notions of procedural rationality advocated by Herbert Simon. A content analysis of the Journal of Labor Economics shows that the orthodox methodological perspective of deductivism has a strong hold in labour economics, and the nature of the empirical work is also allied to this perspective, casting doubts as to whether labour economics has moved towards procedural rationality. The paper then explores the possibilities of a bridge between labour economics and the schools of institutional labour economics and industrial relations. The paper argues that the former needs to borrow in a more constructive way from the latter in order to construct the procedures for procedural rationality.     

Transforming communication,transforming business: Stimulating value negotiation for more responsive and responsible workplaces

If commercial corporations are to stay economically viable and the general society is to stay healthy, corporate decisions must be even more responsive to rapidly changing environments and stakeholder needs and responsible in increasingly complex and interdependent social contexts. The dominant economic conception of corporations and the accompanying emphasis on profitability, value-neutral rationality, and managerial control is increasingly problematic. Public values have a right of representation in corporate decisions but current means of representation through the marketplace and through governmental guidance are limited in effect. Replacing the economic conception with a stakeholder model recognizing multiple forms of ownership and enabling wide-spread participation can help initiate important value debate leading to both economic and social benefits. But even with more stakeholder participation, value debate has not and will not necessary resulted. Many new programs have increased the number offorums in which representation and debate could occur, but have not increasedvoice. Richer conceptions of communication, negotiation, and rationality are necessary if we are to reform corporations in significant ways.     

RITUALS OR GOOD WORKS: SOCIAL SIGNALING IN RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

We develop a model of social signaling of religiosity and cooperative behavior in religious organizations. The model embeds a ritual‐based religious organization in which signaling arises through the use of costly rituals, and a discipline‐based religious organization in which such signaling occurs through the monitoring of past behavior. We use this framework to contrast—positively and normatively—these two forms of social signaling. We show that ritual‐based religions, while using a costly and wasteful signal, also imply a higher level of coordination of behavior in social interactions and a higher incidence of mutual cooperation. Our welfare analysis suggests that communities are more likely to support a switch to a discipline‐based religion if strategic complementarities are high, and if there is sufficiently high level of public information about social behavior. This accords with the success of Calvin's Reformation in Switzerland and France, a process characterized by the reduction of rituals along with the creation of institutions to monitor and publicize individuals' behavior, such as the Consistory.     

具有联盟优先关系的模糊合作博弈的目标规划求解模型

用合作博弈研究实际管理问题中的分配方案时，常常存在一些不重要联盟或无效联盟，这些联盟影响公平合理的分配方案。因此，联盟的重要程度成为求解合作博弈必不可少的因素。本文考虑了联盟的重要性和局中人参与联盟的不确定性，研究了具有优先关系的模糊联盟合作博弈(简称为模糊合作博弈)。首先，借助于目标规划模型的优先因子可以表征联盟重要程度的思想，通过构建多优先级目标规划模型，得到模糊合作博弈新的解。其次，证明了构建的多优先级目标规划模型的解和模糊合作博弈的核心之间具有重要对应关系。最后，通过数值实例和比较分析，说明本文提出的多优先级目标规划模型求解模糊合作博弈问题的合理性和有效性。研究表明：(1)本文提出的多优先级目标规划模型考虑不同联盟重要程度，得到的解符合“多劳多得”原则，能够更公平合理解决实际管理中的分配问题。(2)本文的目标规划模型同时适用于求解存在联盟特征函数值缺失的合作博弈。与已有合作博弈的解进行比较分析，该模型无需估算无效联盟的特征函数缺失数据得到的分配值更为准确。从而，说明本文给出的目标规划求解模糊合作博弈解的模型，更符合许多管理学问题的实际情况。(3)通过多优先级目标规划模型最优解是否存在可判断模糊合作博弈的核心存在情况，若核心存在则该模型通过目标规划软件包可得到核心内的一个解，这样也得到了一个判断合作博弈核心是否存在的标准。(4)目标规划模型可弥补已有合作博弈解的一些不足，如核心可能为空集，Shapley值和最小二乘预核仁可能不满足个体合理性等。本文构建的多优先级目标规划模型不仅能求解联盟具有优先关系的模糊合作博弈，而且能够求解一般合作博弈的解，该目标规划模型作为合作博弈一种新的求解方法，能更有效地解决实际管理中的分配问题，具有更加广泛的应用价值。     

Complexity as a Contract Design Factor: A Human‐to‐Human Experimental Study

Despite being theoretically suboptimal, simpler contracts (such as price‐only contracts and quantity discount contracts with limited number of price blocks) are commonly preferred in practice. Thus, exploring the tension between theory and practice regarding complexity and performance in contract design is especially relevant. Using human subject experiments, Kalkancı et al. (2011) showed that such simpler contracts perform effectively for a supplier interacting with a computerized buyer under asymmetric demand information. We use a similar set of experiments with the modification that a human supplier interacts with a human buyer. We show that human interactions strengthen the supplier's preference for simpler contracts. We find that suppliers have fairness concerns even when they interact with computerized buyers. These fairness concerns tend to be even stronger when suppliers interact with human buyers, particularly when the complexity of the contract is low. We also find that suppliers are more prone to random decision errors (i.e., bounded rationality) when interacting with human buyers. In the absence of social preferences, Kalkancı et al. identified reinforcement and bounded rationality as key biases that impact suppliers' decisions. In human‐to‐human experiments, we find evidence for social preference effects. However, these effects may be secondary to bounded rationality.     

System dynamics: Portraying bounded rationality

This paper examines the linkages between system dynamics and the Carnegie School in their treatment of human decision making. It is argued that the structure of system dynamics models implicitly assumes bounded rationality in decision making and that recognition of this assumption would aid system dynamicists in model construction and in communication with other social science disciplines. The paper begins by examining Simon's ‘principle of bounded rationality’ which draws attention to the cognitive limitations on the information gathering and processing powers of human decision makers. Forrester's ‘Market Growth Model’ is used to illustrate the central theme that system dynamics models are portrayals of bounded rationality. Close examination of the model formulation reveals decision functions involving simple rules of thumb and limited information content. Finally, there is a discussion of the implications of Carnegie philosophy for system dynamics as it affects communication, model structuring, model analysis and future research.     

“I feel and think,therefore I am”: An Affect-Cognitive Theory of management decisions

I propose an Affect-Cognitive Theory to comprehensively understand how decisions occur in organizations. To this aim, I first review the assumptions of sensemaking and decision-making streams of research, especially the influence of bounded rationality, affective states and their relationships with cognition; then, I integrate them on the common basis of socially situated cognition. This new theory emphasizes the role of affective states in determining/being determined by cognition and its errors, pointing out decision makers’ affect as the result of multi-level adaptations to the physical and social environment. Management decisions are path dependent but not immutable; they, indeed, bank on the predominant feeling resulting from the modifying interactions and regulations of decision makers with their physical and social environment. Here, decision makers are proposed as “emotional cognizers” overcoming the thinking-feeling dichotomy that has often featured in the study of management decisions. This theory is beneficial for behavioral strategy, offering the needed assumptions to intertwine human cognition, emotions, and social behavior.     

消费者网络对试用产品的“商家-平台”合作机制的影响

免费试用是电子商务与社交网络发展形成的独特的营销模式,本文研究消费者网络对免费试用模式中"商家-平台"合作机制的影响。通过模型构建和试验分析发现:成本共担可以实现供应链协调,分担比例为正式销售阶段扣除手续费后的商家收入与手续费之比;成本共担式与分散式相比商家的利润稍高,但随着质量的下降,两种情况下的商家利润差距越来越小;随着努力水平的增加,成本共担式商家利润呈现缓慢上升后下降的趋势,且成本共担式优于分散式;随着网络规模逐渐变大,产品质量与努力水平对商家越来越重要。对后续消费者网络驱动的"商家-平台"合作机制及营销实践提供了理论和建议。     

领导者自我牺牲与情绪表达对下属合作的影响

以往关于领导者自我牺牲行为促进下属员工合作的机制研究中,缺少对领导者情绪变量可能带来影响的关注,本研究采用实验室设计模拟"社会困境",通过录像视频展现"领导者"具体情绪表达(愉悦和悲伤),考察领导者情绪表达和自我牺牲行为对下属合作行为的作用。结果表明:领导自我牺牲行为及悲伤情绪表达对下属的合作行为(公共物品博弈中愿意捐献的资金更高)分别有显著的促进作用,但是仅在领导者表现愉悦时,自我牺牲对下属合作的机制呈显著的正向效应。本研究依据"情绪即社会信息(The emotions as social information,EASI)模型解读了领导和员工互动中情绪的社会功能,但其心理机制还有待进一步的探索。