论中国法治国情对人权司法保障制度完善的促动

当代中国人权事业发展迅猛，“完善人权司法保障制度”的提出，标志着中国人权从政治性宣告向司法实现的进一步转型。从人权司法化问题的明确提出到现在，中国人权事业经历了三个发展阶段：人权观念认可阶段、人权立法保障促动阶段和人权司法保障发展阶段。在此过程中，中国的法治国情从所依之“法”到所治之“国”均发生了诸多变化，促动着对人权司法保障制度的完善。法治国情所依之“法”的变化表现为：中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成；正从“法律体系”向“法治体系”转变；正从“政治思维”向“法治思维”的思维方式转换。法治国情所治之“国”变化显现为：“中国梦”将深刻促动中国的发展；国家治理现代化和国际化对依法治国有更高要求；主要社会矛盾转变对依法治国提出新要求。当前，人权司法保障制度完善必须立足现有的法治国情，其现状也是现有法治国情的组成部分，在与社会各种因素的互动中推动中国法治国情的发展，而法治国情的发展又进一步促动人权司法保障制度的完善。     

程序法治的困惑与选择

程序法治在今天或许已并非法学界讨论的热点问题,因为程序正义的理念已经建立。程序法治是权利与司法公正的保障,违反程序法治会侵害人权。然而,遵循程序法治也会付出代价,程序正义与实体正义存在冲突和矛盾,坚持程序正义有时造成实体正义的牺牲。这就产生困惑,那么我们应如何选择?我国的法治状况要求我们须坚持程序法治,制定并遵循正当的法律程序。     

全球化背景下的人权保障

在资产阶级反对封建专制的斗争胜利后,人权的保障逐渐在一些资本主义国家以法律的形式确定下来.随着《世界人权宣言》等一系列国际人权公约的制定和实施、新自由主义的盛行以及全球化的冲击,人权的国际保护成为可能.由于人性的弱点、文化的多元性和差异性、霸权主义和集权主义的长期存在,我们在承认人权普遍性的同时,必须充分认识人权的特殊性.在自然权利、法定权利和实有权利的三者关系中,我们可以清晰地看到人权得以实现的一条法律路径,即自然权利通过法律的保障转化为人实际享有的权利.当然,权利的实现还有其他的路径,如道德、政策和宗教等,但法律的保障无疑是社会生活中人权得以实现的最重要的路径.只有在平等、尊重的基础上,通过全球公共交往参与者的协商、交涉,通过寻求“世界法”和国内法的相互承认,才能使人权的国际保护成为现实.     

人权变革:从立法宣示到司法保障

"人权司法保障"这一重要命题首次进入党的纲领性文件,是人权保障的战略突破和顶层设计。从静态的人权立法确认进展到动态的人权司法保障,具有重要的理论与现实意义。为了落实这一战略规划,需要推进司法改革,确保诉权落实,探索司法实施宪法的有效机制,做好制度配套及协调。中国传统文化中不乏人权的基因,但缺乏客观有效的制度保障。对此,既不能堕入法律东方主义者的偏见,更不能重陷文化保守主义的迷恋。高扬人的自由精神并客观保障其外化的权利是社会转型的关键,也是创新、提振中华民族精神的需要。     

实施依法治国战略论纲

依法治国、建设社会主义法治国家作为一项战略方针和战略目标,具有全局性、整体性、目的性和长期性。它的重要标志(或称法治原则)主要有十项:法制完备、主权在民、人权保障、权力制衡、法律平等、法律至上、依法行政、司法独立、程序正当和党要守法。前五项是指有完备而良好的法律,后五项是指法律具有极大的权威。中国要实现法治国家的目标,就应该在一个相当长的时期里、特别是在近期内采取若干可以影响全局的关键性措施和步骤,如制定立法法、监督法,批准人权“两公约”,制定行政程序法以促进依法行政,推进司法改革,健全和完善人民代表大会制度,加强和改善党的领导,推进依法治理,等等,从而推进依法治国战略的实施,加速中国法治国家建设的历史性进程。     

Balance between Punishment and Protection:Theory and Practice of State Exoneration from Criminal Compensation

在实现法治的过程中,国家权力与个人权利并非总是和谐一致,而往往处于冲突之中,这一冲突在刑事司法领域表现尤为突出。如何合理界定冲突的平衡点?刑事赔偿国家免责的理论与实践为解决这一冲突模式,特别是在中国现实司法语境中合理界定二者之间的边界,提供了一个有益的进路。在法治社会中,刑事赔偿国家免责条款所界定的国家权力与个人权利的平衡点,绝不是中间点,而应当向保护公民权利倾斜,即在国家权力与个人权利发生冲突的情况下,应该优先保护个人权利。     

书讯

《社会主义人权概念》本书是由苏联、民主德国、匈牙利、保加利亚、波兰和捷克斯洛伐克六个国家的法学家集体撰写的,于1986年由莫斯科科学出版社出版。《苏维埃国家和法》杂志1987年第10期上发表的书评指出,本书对资产阶级的、改良主义的和修正主义的人权概念进行了全面的批判,特别是着重批判了把社会的、经济的和文化的权利同政治的、个人的权利对立起来的思想。人权原先不是在法律领域形成的,而是在社会一经济领域形成的。可是,个人权利和自由的大小不仅依赖于经济条件,而且也依赖于民主状况、精神环境、文化水平、道德价值和整个生活方式。人权的社会起源是马克思列宁主义理论的基石,但是这     

宪政视角下政府角色定位

宪政包括民主、法治和人权三要素,三者是一体两翼的关系,民主与法治均指向于共同的价值目标——人权保障,只是发挥功能的角度不同而已,而政府则是宪政国家得以实现的重要支柱和主要标志。国家应致力于实现法治型政府重在守法,政府守法是法治的应有之义,其根源在于主权在民,政府守法需摒弃权力本位思想;实现管理型政府重在民主,民主化管理有利于行政自由裁量权的正当行使、防止政府公务人员的专横武断、提高政府机关的权威;实现有效型政府重在人权保障,有效型政府的建立依赖于正当程序听证权利适用范围的扩展、司法审查适用范围的进一步扩大、行政程序参与范围的不断拓展。     

论知识产权与传统资源权的冲突及其全球治理

传统资源权不同于现有的知识产权,它同现有的知识产权体制有冲突。笔者认为,在人权的框架内,传统资源权属于集体人权。有关国际人权文献中关于文化权利的条文,实质上规定的是人民对传统文化遗产的集体权利,旨在确认整个民族或原住民社区对整个文化遗产具有财产所有权,而西方知识产权体制迄今为止并不承认此种类型的所有权,知识产权与集体文化权利的概念是相冲突的。相关案例说明了传统资源权与知识产权冲突的存在。而全球治理无疑是消除这种冲突的进路。     

论患者隐私权保护中的权利冲突与平衡

医疗活动的特殊性,决定了在诊疗实践中患者隐私权与其他权利发生矛盾冲突的现象时有发生,并成为社会大众关注的焦点.尽管《侵权责任法》在法律的层面确立了患者的隐私权,但是对患者隐私权保护中的权利冲突问题未作规定,司法实践中也尚未形成统一的解决对策.现实中,患者隐私权保护冲突表现为患者隐私权与医疗机构的教学权、公众知情权、他人知情权以及与医方的医疗知情权的冲突,权利冲突的实质是利益的冲突、价值的冲突、认知的冲突以及文化的冲突.基于此,应坚持权利冲突的平衡原则,包括权利位阶原则、社会公共利益优先原则、权利协调原则以及必要限度的原则.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).